1.Assume for a moment that youre a manager going to work for a branch of a global organization in a foreign country. You know that your environment will differ from the one at home,but how? What should you be looking for?

　　1、此刻假設你是一位美國經理，你準備到一家全球組織的國外分支機構工作.。你知道你的環境將與國內的不同，但二者的差異會達到什么程度呢?你應當注意些什么?

　　2.Any manager who finds himself or herself in a foreign country faces new challenges. In this section,well look at some of those challenges and offer guidelines for responding. Although our discussion is presented through the eyes of a U.S. manager,our analytical framework could be used by any manager who nas to manager in a foreign environment,regardless of national origin.

　　2、任何一位發覺自己處于一個陌生國家的管理者都面臨著新的挑戰。在這一節中，我們將考察這些挑戰，并對如何做出反應提供一些指導。雖然我們將以一位美國管理者的視角來展開我們的討論，但是我們的分析框架能為任何在國外環境中經營的管理者使用，不受國籍之限。

　　3.The Legal-Political Environment

　　3、法律-政治環境

　　4.U.S. managers are accustomed to stable legal and political systems.Changes are slow,and legal and political procedures are well established.Elections are held at regular intervals. Even changes in political parties after anelection do not produce radical or quick transformations. The stability of lawsgoverning the actions of individuals and institutions allows for accuratepredictions. The same cant be said for all countries. Managers in a globalorganization must stay informed of the specific laws in countries where they dobusiness.

　　4、美國的管理者習慣于穩定的法律和政治體系。在這一體系中，變化是緩慢的，法律和政治程序是完善的，選舉定期舉行，即使總統大選后的政黨變化也不會引起快速的、根本的改變。由于支配個人和機構行為的法律是穩定的，因此就可以進行準確的預測，而其它國家并非都是如此。在全球組織任職的管理者必須熟知他們經營業務的國家所特有的法律體系。

　　5.Also,some countries have a history of unstable governments. Managers ofbusinesses in these countries face dramatically greater uncertainty as a result ofpolitical instability. For instance,political interference is a face of life in someAsian countries.

　　5、一些國家的政府在相當長的歷史時間內都是不穩定的。這些國家的企業管理者由于政治不穩定而面臨高度不確定性。政治干預也是眾多亞洲國家現實生活的一個方面。

　　6.The legal-political environment doesnt have to be unstable orrevolutionary to be a concern to managers. Just the fact that a countrys laws andpolitical system differ from those of the United States is important. Managers mustrecognize these differences if they hope to understand the constraints under whichthey operate and the opportunities that exist.

　　6、法律-政治環境并非只有不穩定或具有革命性才會引起管理者的注意。事實上，一個國家法律或政治體系與美國的差異才是重要的。管理者如果希望了解他們經營中的約束以及存在的機會，就必須認識這些差異。

　　7.The Economic Environment

　　7、經濟環境

　　8.The global manager must be aware of economic issues when doing business in other countries. One of the first is understanding the type of economic system under which the country operates. The two major types are a market economy and a command economy. A market economy is one in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector. A command economy is one in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government. In actuality,no economy is purely market or command. For instance,the United States and the United Kingdom are two countries at the market end of the spectrum but they do have minimal governmental control. The economies of Vietnam and North Korea,however,would be more command-based. Then theres China,a country thats more command based,but is moving to be more market-based. Why would managers need to know about a countrys economic system? Because it has the potential to constrain decisions and actions. Other economic issues a manager might need to understand include currency exchange rates,inflation rates,and diverse tax policies.

　　8、全球管理者在其它國家開展業務必須了解一些經濟因素。首先，要知道所在國家的經濟體制類型。兩種主要的經濟體制是：市場經濟和計劃經濟。在市場經濟中，資源主要是由私營企業所掌握和控制。在計劃經濟中，經濟決策由中央政府決定。事實上，沒有一種經濟是純市場或純計劃的。例如，英美兩國都處在市場經濟的一端，但是他們還有少量的政府控制。又如，越南和朝鮮的經濟在更大程度上以控制為基礎。還有中國，這個國家正從偏重以計劃為基礎向偏重以市場為基礎轉化。為什么管理者必須了解一個國家經濟體制的情況呢?因為這可能會約束他們的決策和行為。管理者必須了解的其它經濟因素包括匯率、通貨膨脹和不同的稅收政策。

　　1.Assume for a moment that youre a manager going to work for a branch of a global organization in a foreign country. You know that your environment will differ from the one at home,but how? What should you be looking for?

　　1、此刻假設你是一位美國經理，你準備到一家全球組織的國外分支機構工作.。你知道你的環境將與國內的不同，但二者的差異會達到什么程度呢?你應當注意些什么?

　　2.Any manager who finds himself or herself in a foreign country faces new challenges. In this section,well look at some of those challenges and offer guidelines for responding. Although our discussion is presented through the eyes of a U.S. manager,our analytical framework could be used by any manager who nas to manager in a foreign environment,regardless of national origin.

　　2、任何一位發覺自己處于一個陌生國家的管理者都面臨著新的挑戰。在這一節中，我們將考察這些挑戰，并對如何做出反應提供一些指導。雖然我們將以一位美國管理者的視角來展開我們的討論，但是我們的分析框架能為任何在國外環境中經營的管理者使用，不受國籍之限。

　　3.The Legal-Political Environment

　　3、法律-政治環境

　　4.U.S. managers are accustomed to stable legal and political systems.Changes are slow,and legal and political procedures are well established.Elections are held at regular intervals. Even changes in political parties after anelection do not produce radical or quick transformations. The stability of lawsgoverning the actions of individuals and institutions allows for accuratepredictions. The same cant be said for all countries. Managers in a globalorganization must stay informed of the specific laws in countries where they dobusiness.

　　4、美國的管理者習慣于穩定的法律和政治體系。在這一體系中，變化是緩慢的，法律和政治程序是完善的，選舉定期舉行，即使總統大選后的政黨變化也不會引起快速的、根本的改變。由于支配個人和機構行為的法律是穩定的，因此就可以進行準確的預測，而其它國家并非都是如此。在全球組織任職的管理者必須熟知他們經營業務的國家所特有的法律體系。

　　5.Also,some countries have a history of unstable governments. Managers ofbusinesses in these countries face dramatically greater uncertainty as a result ofpolitical instability. For instance,political interference is a face of life in someAsian countries.

　　5、一些國家的政府在相當長的歷史時間內都是不穩定的。這些國家的企業管理者由于政治不穩定而面臨高度不確定性。政治干預也是眾多亞洲國家現實生活的一個方面。

　　6.The legal-political environment doesnt have to be unstable orrevolutionary to be a concern to managers. Just the fact that a countrys laws andpolitical system differ from those of the United States is important. Managers mustrecognize these differences if they hope to understand the constraints under whichthey operate and the opportunities that exist.

　　6、法律-政治環境并非只有不穩定或具有革命性才會引起管理者的注意。事實上，一個國家法律或政治體系與美國的差異才是重要的。管理者如果希望了解他們經營中的約束以及存在的機會，就必須認識這些差異。

　　7.The Economic Environment

　　7、經濟環境

　　8.The global manager must be aware of economic issues when doing business in other countries. One of the first is understanding the type of economic system under which the country operates. The two major types are a market economy and a command economy. A market economy is one in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector. A command economy is one in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government. In actuality,no economy is purely market or command. For instance,the United States and the United Kingdom are two countries at the market end of the spectrum but they do have minimal governmental control. The economies of Vietnam and North Korea,however,would be more command-based. Then theres China,a country thats more command based,but is moving to be more market-based. Why would managers need to know about a countrys economic system? Because it has the potential to constrain decisions and actions. Other economic issues a manager might need to understand include currency exchange rates,inflation rates,and diverse tax policies.

　　8、全球管理者在其它國家開展業務必須了解一些經濟因素。首先，要知道所在國家的經濟體制類型。兩種主要的經濟體制是：市場經濟和計劃經濟。在市場經濟中，資源主要是由私營企業所掌握和控制。在計劃經濟中，經濟決策由中央政府決定。事實上，沒有一種經濟是純市場或純計劃的。例如，英美兩國都處在市場經濟的一端，但是他們還有少量的政府控制。又如，越南和朝鮮的經濟在更大程度上以控制為基礎。還有中國，這個國家正從偏重以計劃為基礎向偏重以市場為基礎轉化。為什么管理者必須了解一個國家經濟體制的情況呢?因為這可能會約束他們的決策和行為。管理者必須了解的其它經濟因素包括匯率、通貨膨脹和不同的稅收政策。