職稱英語考試基礎(chǔ)知識名詞性從句
職稱英語考試基礎(chǔ)知識:名詞性從句
職稱英語中名詞性從句是在句子中起名詞作用的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，它可以在主從復(fù)合句中作主語、賓語、表語、介詞的賓語以及同位語。
1. 主語從句主語從句可以由連詞that，wh-疑問詞或名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)。
⑴由連詞that引導(dǎo)：從句可以位于句首，但常常用形式主語it替代，從句本身則放在主句后面，如：
That he will come to the party is certain. It happened that the harvest was bad that year. Is it true that she has never been there?
通常在口語或非正式文體中，that常可省略，但必須是在用先行詞it的情況下，如：
Its a pity you are leaving.
⑵由wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo)：從句既可以前置，又可以借助于先行詞it后置。如：
Who cleaned the meeting room is unknown. Its still a question when we shall have our sports meet. It is uncertain whether he will come.注意：在疑問句中，wh-疑問詞所引導(dǎo)的從句不能位于句首，如：
Is it known where she went?
⑶主語從句也可由名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)，這類從句只能位于句首，如：
Where she went was Los Angeles. What will be，will be. Whomever you invite will be welcome.
2. 賓語從句
⑴賓語從句可用that引導(dǎo)，這時that僅起連接作用，不充當(dāng)從句中的成分。如果連接詞要在從句中起語法作用，就要使用連接詞what等來引導(dǎo)從句。
I believe that he is honest. We fully understood what he meant.
⑵有些形容詞的后面也可跟賓語從句。這類形容詞有：certain，afraid，aware，sorry，sure，worried等。如：
Im afraid that you are wrong on this point. I am aware that you have been exceptionally kind to me.
⑶賓語從句也可以用how，when，who，which，where，why等詞引出，此時即使主句是一個疑問句，賓語從句也必須保持陳述句的語序。如：
Go and ask why he was late yesterday. Can you tell me where the hospital is?
⑷跟在介詞后面的賓語從句一般不能由that來引出，只限于except，in，but，besides，save等五個介詞的賓語從句，其它介詞后面不能跟由that引出的賓語從句，而只能跟由what，how，whether等引出的賓語從句。
You are wrong in that you took effect for cause. I would go with you，except that I have to work that day. They were arguing about what was to be done. Im thinking of whom I should ask for help.
3. 表語從句表語從句通常由that引出，當(dāng)然how，why，where，when等也可以引出表語從句。常見的表語從句有下面兩種句型：
⑴The reasonthat：表示原因是。如：
The reason for leaving was that it was too cold.
⑵It is because：表示這是因?yàn)椋@是由于緣故。如：
This is because iron contains more carbon than steel.
4. 同位語從句同位語從句表示與之同位的名詞中心詞的實(shí)際內(nèi)容。
⑴同位語從句起進(jìn)一步解釋說明先行詞的作用，通常由that引導(dǎo)。同位語從句的先行詞通常是一些抽象名詞，如：appeal，idea，truth，fact，theory，belief，plan，hope，proposal，rumor，suggestion等。
There is truth in the old saying that necessity is the mother of invention.
⑵由wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo)，如：
I have no idea when he will come. It is difficult to answer your question why I did it.
⑶由名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)，如：
Fame and fortunewhat others sought after with zestwas all rubbish to him.
⑷注意同位語和that引導(dǎo)的定語從句的區(qū)別：that在同位語從句中只起引導(dǎo)從句的作用，本身并無意義，也不在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)任何成分;而定語從句的that既引導(dǎo)從句又充當(dāng)句子成分。
The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure. yingyukaoshi.com
He is the best speaker that addressed the meeting.
定語從句定語從句是在句子中起形容詞作用的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，通常修飾它前面的名詞或代詞，即它的先行詞。定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的。
1.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
⑴引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有：who，whom，whose，which，that.
⑵關(guān)系代詞在從句作主語、賓語、定語和表語的作用;當(dāng)作賓語時，關(guān)系代詞常常可省略。如：
This is the girl youve been looking for.
⑶當(dāng)定語從句所修飾的先行詞是人或人格化的動物時，引導(dǎo)詞用who，whom或whose;
如果先行詞是無生命的東西，用關(guān)系代詞which;而that可用于以上兩種情況。
The man who robbed you has been arrested. That is the book which cost me twenty dollars. Which還可以指嬰兒、動物和表示單數(shù)意義的集合名詞，如：
The baby the nurse brought in was Marys child.
⑷關(guān)系代詞that和which的語法區(qū)別當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞的最高級修飾時，通常用that而不用which.如：
The final match is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.當(dāng)定語從句所修飾的先行詞的前面有all，any，little，only，much等修飾時，或者這些先行詞本身就是all，one，little，much，nothing等不定代詞時，通常用that而不用which. I am interested in all that you have told me. It seems that is the only thing that we can do now.
當(dāng)定語從句作介詞的賓語時，只能使用which而不用that. The world in which we live is in constant motion and in constant change.當(dāng)定語從句是與代詞、數(shù)詞或名詞詞組連用引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時，只能使用which而不用that. I bought a dozen eggs，five of which broke when I dropped the box at my door.
當(dāng)先行詞的前面有the only 等詞修飾時，通常用that而不用which. This is the very movie that I want to see.當(dāng)被用來指代整個句子，引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時，只能使用which而不是that. Things then improved，which surprises me. Her brother snatched the letter away，at which she was furious.
2. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
⑴引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有：when，where，why，how等。
⑵關(guān)系副詞when，where，why在從句中作狀語時，可用介詞 which來替代。如：
The reason why he is in hospital hasnt been known yet.
職稱英語考試基礎(chǔ)知識:名詞性從句
職稱英語中名詞性從句是在句子中起名詞作用的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，它可以在主從復(fù)合句中作主語、賓語、表語、介詞的賓語以及同位語。
1. 主語從句主語從句可以由連詞that，wh-疑問詞或名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)。
⑴由連詞that引導(dǎo)：從句可以位于句首，但常常用形式主語it替代，從句本身則放在主句后面，如：
That he will come to the party is certain. It happened that the harvest was bad that year. Is it true that she has never been there?
通常在口語或非正式文體中，that常可省略，但必須是在用先行詞it的情況下，如：
Its a pity you are leaving.
⑵由wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo)：從句既可以前置，又可以借助于先行詞it后置。如：
Who cleaned the meeting room is unknown. Its still a question when we shall have our sports meet. It is uncertain whether he will come.注意：在疑問句中，wh-疑問詞所引導(dǎo)的從句不能位于句首，如：
Is it known where she went?
⑶主語從句也可由名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)，這類從句只能位于句首，如：
Where she went was Los Angeles. What will be，will be. Whomever you invite will be welcome.
2. 賓語從句
⑴賓語從句可用that引導(dǎo)，這時that僅起連接作用，不充當(dāng)從句中的成分。如果連接詞要在從句中起語法作用，就要使用連接詞what等來引導(dǎo)從句。
I believe that he is honest. We fully understood what he meant.
⑵有些形容詞的后面也可跟賓語從句。這類形容詞有：certain，afraid，aware，sorry，sure，worried等。如：
Im afraid that you are wrong on this point. I am aware that you have been exceptionally kind to me.
⑶賓語從句也可以用how，when，who，which，where，why等詞引出，此時即使主句是一個疑問句，賓語從句也必須保持陳述句的語序。如：
Go and ask why he was late yesterday. Can you tell me where the hospital is?
⑷跟在介詞后面的賓語從句一般不能由that來引出，只限于except，in，but，besides，save等五個介詞的賓語從句，其它介詞后面不能跟由that引出的賓語從句，而只能跟由what，how，whether等引出的賓語從句。
You are wrong in that you took effect for cause. I would go with you，except that I have to work that day. They were arguing about what was to be done. Im thinking of whom I should ask for help.
3. 表語從句表語從句通常由that引出，當(dāng)然how，why，where，when等也可以引出表語從句。常見的表語從句有下面兩種句型：
⑴The reasonthat：表示原因是。如：
The reason for leaving was that it was too cold.
⑵It is because：表示這是因?yàn)椋@是由于緣故。如：
This is because iron contains more carbon than steel.
4. 同位語從句同位語從句表示與之同位的名詞中心詞的實(shí)際內(nèi)容。
⑴同位語從句起進(jìn)一步解釋說明先行詞的作用，通常由that引導(dǎo)。同位語從句的先行詞通常是一些抽象名詞，如：appeal，idea，truth，fact，theory，belief，plan，hope，proposal，rumor，suggestion等。
There is truth in the old saying that necessity is the mother of invention.
⑵由wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo)，如：
I have no idea when he will come. It is difficult to answer your question why I did it.
⑶由名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)，如：
Fame and fortunewhat others sought after with zestwas all rubbish to him.
⑷注意同位語和that引導(dǎo)的定語從句的區(qū)別：that在同位語從句中只起引導(dǎo)從句的作用，本身并無意義，也不在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)任何成分;而定語從句的that既引導(dǎo)從句又充當(dāng)句子成分。
The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure. yingyukaoshi.com
He is the best speaker that addressed the meeting.
定語從句定語從句是在句子中起形容詞作用的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，通常修飾它前面的名詞或代詞，即它的先行詞。定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的。
1.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
⑴引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有：who，whom，whose，which，that.
⑵關(guān)系代詞在從句作主語、賓語、定語和表語的作用;當(dāng)作賓語時，關(guān)系代詞常常可省略。如：
This is the girl youve been looking for.
⑶當(dāng)定語從句所修飾的先行詞是人或人格化的動物時，引導(dǎo)詞用who，whom或whose;
如果先行詞是無生命的東西，用關(guān)系代詞which;而that可用于以上兩種情況。
The man who robbed you has been arrested. That is the book which cost me twenty dollars. Which還可以指嬰兒、動物和表示單數(shù)意義的集合名詞，如：
The baby the nurse brought in was Marys child.
⑷關(guān)系代詞that和which的語法區(qū)別當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞的最高級修飾時，通常用that而不用which.如：
The final match is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.當(dāng)定語從句所修飾的先行詞的前面有all，any，little，only，much等修飾時，或者這些先行詞本身就是all，one，little，much，nothing等不定代詞時，通常用that而不用which. I am interested in all that you have told me. It seems that is the only thing that we can do now.
當(dāng)定語從句作介詞的賓語時，只能使用which而不用that. The world in which we live is in constant motion and in constant change.當(dāng)定語從句是與代詞、數(shù)詞或名詞詞組連用引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時，只能使用which而不用that. I bought a dozen eggs，five of which broke when I dropped the box at my door.
當(dāng)先行詞的前面有the only 等詞修飾時，通常用that而不用which. This is the very movie that I want to see.當(dāng)被用來指代整個句子，引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時，只能使用which而不是that. Things then improved，which surprises me. Her brother snatched the letter away，at which she was furious.
2. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
⑴引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有：when，where，why，how等。
⑵關(guān)系副詞when，where，why在從句中作狀語時，可用介詞 which來替代。如：
The reason why he is in hospital hasnt been known yet.
