英語講義【85】被動句中的動詞形態
信箱里有一張裝修商的傳單，上面有這句話：
Exchange this leaflet for a free gift and also be entitle to a lucky draw with no purchase required.
這句話清楚嗎？很清楚！問題是第二個并列分句的被動語態的動詞形態entitle不對。為什么不對呢？這就要從主動語態（the active voice）和被動語態（the passive voice）的差別談起。
在主動語態里，主語是動作的主角，如：
① I have just bought a new dictionary.
② They will invite you to dinner.
在被動語態里，賓語成為主角，原來的主語則靠邊站，移至句后，如：
③ A new dictionary has just been bought by me.
?、?You will be invited to dinner by them.
在被動語態的結構里，最重要的成分是接系動詞be+主動詞的過去分詞（be+past participle of the principal verb）。③里的has been bought和④里的will be invited便是這個成分。根據這原則，be entitle就要改為be entitled才行。
現在多看看幾個例子：
⑤ One must do the work properly.The work must be properly done.
?、?Someone took down the pictures.The pictures were taken down.
?、?Anne gave John a photo.John was given a photo by Anne.
在⑤和⑥里，原來的主語不重要，所以在被動句中被省略了。在 ⑦里，我們看到兩個賓語，一個是直接賓語（direct object）a photo，另一個是間接賓語（indirect object）John。直接賓語一定是事物；間接賓語就是人物。
這樣的主動語態，有兩種變法。除了John was given a photo by Anne之外，另一個方法是A photo was given to John by Anne.
在日常英語用途上，直接語態比間接語態用得多。但在下列情況中，則應采用被動語態：
?、逯髡Z不詳，如：
① A puppy was knocked down.
?、?Actions must be taken to improve the economic situation.
?、嫱怀鲑e語，如：
?、?The gangster was sent to prison.
?、?Two eye witnesses have been questioned.
?、?All good students will be rewarded.
?、绮环奖闾岬街髡Z，如：
?、?Some students are said to be often late for class.
?、?The name of the suspect has been submitted to the police.
?、鑴釉~習慣以被動式出現，如：
?、?You are expected to work hard from now on.
?、?The last train is scheduled to leave at 10p.m.
?、?All loyal citizens are supposed to defend their country.
?、佗膺@些被動句中的原有主語通常被省略，不出現。
信箱里有一張裝修商的傳單，上面有這句話：
Exchange this leaflet for a free gift and also be entitle to a lucky draw with no purchase required.
這句話清楚嗎？很清楚！問題是第二個并列分句的被動語態的動詞形態entitle不對。為什么不對呢？這就要從主動語態（the active voice）和被動語態（the passive voice）的差別談起。
在主動語態里，主語是動作的主角，如：
?、?I have just bought a new dictionary.
② They will invite you to dinner.
在被動語態里，賓語成為主角，原來的主語則靠邊站，移至句后，如：
③ A new dictionary has just been bought by me.
④ You will be invited to dinner by them.
在被動語態的結構里，最重要的成分是接系動詞be+主動詞的過去分詞（be+past participle of the principal verb）。③里的has been bought和④里的will be invited便是這個成分。根據這原則，be entitle就要改為be entitled才行。
現在多看看幾個例子：
?、?One must do the work properly.The work must be properly done.
⑥ Someone took down the pictures.The pictures were taken down.
?、?Anne gave John a photo.John was given a photo by Anne.
在⑤和⑥里，原來的主語不重要，所以在被動句中被省略了。在 ⑦里，我們看到兩個賓語，一個是直接賓語（direct object）a photo，另一個是間接賓語（indirect object）John。直接賓語一定是事物；間接賓語就是人物。
這樣的主動語態，有兩種變法。除了John was given a photo by Anne之外，另一個方法是A photo was given to John by Anne.
在日常英語用途上，直接語態比間接語態用得多。但在下列情況中，則應采用被動語態：
㈠主語不詳，如：
?、?A puppy was knocked down.
② Actions must be taken to improve the economic situation.
㈡突出賓語，如：
③ The gangster was sent to prison.
④ Two eye witnesses have been questioned.
⑤ All good students will be rewarded.
㈢不方便提到主語，如：
?、?Some students are said to be often late for class.
?、?The name of the suspect has been submitted to the police.
㈣動詞習慣以被動式出現，如：
?、?You are expected to work hard from now on.
?、?The last train is scheduled to leave at 10p.m.
⑩ All loyal citizens are supposed to defend their country.
①⑩這些被動句中的原有主語通常被省略，不出現。
