陜西咸陽(yáng)市2024高考英語(yǔ)（二輪）閱讀理解選練（4）

　　任務(wù)型閱讀解題指導(dǎo)

　　表概括、總結(jié) summary; conclusion

　　表目的 purpose; aim; goal

　　表特點(diǎn) feature; characteristic; character

　　表種類 kind; type; category; class; form

　　表評(píng)論、評(píng)價(jià)

　　comment (on); remark(on/upon); assessment

　　表方式、方法 means; way; method; approach(to doing sth.)

　　表問題 problem; question; issue

　　表建議 suggestion; advice; tip

　　表要求、需求 demand; need; requirement; qualification

　　表態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn) attitude; idea; opinion; viewpoint; view

　　表情緒、感覺 feeling; emotion; motivation

　　表用途、功能 use; usage; function

　　表步驟 step; procedure; process

　　表描述 description; appearance; look; color; size; length; width; distance; height; shape; name; age; cost; event

　　表關(guān)系 relation; relationship; connection

　　表來源、歷史 history; source; origin

　　表異同 difference; similarity

　　表影響、結(jié)果 effect (on); influence; impact; result; consequence

　　表反應(yīng) response; reaction

　　表措施、行動(dòng) measure; action; activity; behavior

　　表定義 definition

　　表利弊 benefit; advantage; disadvantage; convenience

　　表質(zhì)量、數(shù)量 quality; quantity; amount; number

　　表情形、狀況 situation; condition

　　表建立 build; create; establish; found

　　表必要、必需 must; necessity

　　表實(shí)現(xiàn)、完成 reach; realize; accomplish

　　表重要 value; importance; significance

　　表比較 contrast; comparison

　　表背景 setting; background

　　任

　　務(wù)

　　型

　　閱

　　讀

　　常

　　見

　　同

　　義

　　轉(zhuǎn)

　　換

　　1. take advantage of = make use of

　　2. by accident/ chance = accidentally

　　3. take sth. into consideration/account = consider

　　4. in all/ total = totally

　　5. oppose sth. = be against sth. = object to sth. = disagree with sth.

　　6. in the beginning = at first

　　7. be responsible for = take/shoulder/bear responsibility for

　　8. take an active part in sth. = take part in sth. actively

　　9. approve of = in favor of = agree to = favor = subscribe to

　　10. have faith/ trust in = trust = believe in

　　11. out of breath = breathlessly

　　12. cope with = deal with = handle

　　13. in a hurry/rush = hurriedly

　　14. despite = in spite of

　　15. valuable = be of value

　　16. make an apology = apologize

　　17. encourage participation in = take part in = play a role in = participate in

　　18. understand clearly = have a clear understanding of

　　19. matter = count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference

　　20. explain = make an explanation

　　21. offer sth. to sb. = provide sb. with sth. = supply sth. to sb.

　　22. have access to = be accessible to = be available to

　　23. use up = run out of

　　24. stop = quit = give up

　　25. be accused of = be charged with

　　26. most of the people = the majority of the people

　　27. benefit = be beneficial to = be of benefit to

　　28. cater to one’s needs/demands/requirements = satisfy one’s needs/demands/requirements = meet one’s needs/demands/requirements

　　29. starve to death = die of hunger/starvation

　　30. all at once = all of a sudden = suddenly

　　31. in particular = particularly

　　32. deliberately = on purpose

　　33. out of the question = impossible = less likely

　　34. take the risk of doing sth. = risk doing sth.

　　35. respect sb.= show respect for sb. = look up to sb.= be respectful to sb.

　　36. prepare = make preparations for = get ready for

　　37. take in = absorb

　　38. appear = turn up = show up

　　39. give a description of = describe

　　40. lead to = cause = bring about = result in

　　41. be different from = differ from

　　42. commit suicide = kill oneself

　　43. succeed in doing sth. = manage to do sth.

　　44. be in response to sth.= respond to = react to

　　45. make up something new = invent

　　46. a person with a physical disability = a disabled person

　　47. go through = experience

　　48. varieties of = different kinds of = a variety of = various

　　49. make contributions to = contribute to

　　50. stand for = represent

　　51. be willing to do sth. = do sth. willingly

　　52. give permission to = permit

　　53. that is to say = in other words = namely

　　54. come to sb’s aid = aid

　　55. damage = cause damage to

　　56. all the year round = throughout the year

　　57. in any case = at any rate = at any price/cost

　　58. without doubt = undoubtedly

　　59. make an impression = impress

　　60. put up with = stand = bear = endure

　　以2024江蘇高考題為例

　　Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious

　　The everyday signs of conscientiousness (認(rèn)真盡責(zé)) — being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous (一絲不茍的) in attending to responsibilities — are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.

　　Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semi-skilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization: the secretary whose message taking is perfect, the delivery truck driver who is always on time.

　　Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales. Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (緩沖) against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.

　　There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are. Their reputation for dependability influences managers’ evaluations of their work, giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.

　　But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.

　　When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising, openness to wild ideas and spontaneity (自發(fā)性) are scarce and in demand. Success in such occupations calls for a balance, however; without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.

　　【解題步驟】

　　1. 通讀全文，掌握大意，理順文章結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　讀懂文章是解題的第一環(huán)。要特別注意小標(biāo)題，它通常是段落和表格的主題句。標(biāo)題有助于理解文章的大意和表格的結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　2. 對(duì)照表格，比照閱讀，試填答案，先易后難。

　　在本例題中，通覽表格后，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，第一大欄與文章第一段對(duì)應(yīng)；第二大欄與文章第二、三段對(duì)應(yīng)；第三大欄與文章最后三段對(duì)應(yīng)。

　　掌握了整體對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系后，我們就可以逐一試填答案，通過復(fù)讀文章相應(yīng)的段落，得出答案。試填的過程中，遵循“先易后難，各個(gè)擊破”的原則。

　　3. 復(fù)核答案，注意詞性、詞形的正確性。

　　試填完成后，要復(fù)讀表格內(nèi)容，注意檢查答案。檢查的內(nèi)容：句子是否通順，大小寫、詞性或拼寫是否正確，句意與原文是否一致等。

　　【技巧剖析】

　　1．捕捉信息

　　捕捉信息題首先要瀏覽表格，借助圖表結(jié)構(gòu)抓住文章主旨、結(jié)構(gòu)層次以及文章的脈絡(luò)，并確定表格中某一行或某一列與文章中某一段落之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。在文章中標(biāo)出與表格中空格前后給出的關(guān)鍵詞句相符合或一致的句子。如：

　　第75題由第二段第二句In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs…中的performance可知答案。

　　第78題由第四段的…giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict中的higher可知答案。

　　第80題由第六段的…it can discourage creativity中的discourage可知答案。

　　2. 組織信息

　　組織信息題的答案是不能直接在文章中找到原詞的，這需要我們對(duì)文章進(jìn)行加工或變通，通常與語(yǔ)法知識(shí)、短語(yǔ)和句型有關(guān)。考查學(xué)生對(duì)于有效信息的理解和加工能力。需要考生在捕捉到相關(guān)信息之后，將其進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換。

　　(1) 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換

　　72. helpful/good

　　【解析】 第一段中的It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people…中的動(dòng)詞help轉(zhuǎn)化而來，而good意思相近，也可作為答案。

　　76. fired/dismissed/jobless

　　【解析】 第三段的Conscientiousness also offers a buffer against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market…可知，他們不容易失去工作，名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞，可得到答案。jobless也符合句意。

　　(2) 表達(dá)方式的變化

　　71. strict

　　【解析】 根據(jù)第一段中講述的盡職盡責(zé)的人的特點(diǎn)：being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous in attending to responsibilities可知，他們守時(shí)、工作細(xì)心、自律、一絲不茍，這些都說明他們對(duì)自己要求很嚴(yán)格，構(gòu)成be strict with“對(duì)……要求嚴(yán)格”。

　　74. running/working/going/operating/functioning

　　【解析】 根據(jù)第一段中的…the people who keep things running as they should可知，第74空應(yīng)該是認(rèn)真的人使得機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)營(yíng)得很好。故此處應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞run的現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)或與其同義的operate，go，function，work的適當(dāng)形式 。

　　79. tense/damaged/poor/bad

　　【解析】 根據(jù)第五段中的…and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers…可知，，，

　　3. 綜合概括

　　綜合概括題通常要求考生概括文章的主題或行（列）的標(biāo)題。大多是歸納某一段落的大意，有時(shí)是概括全文的主旨。通常我們可以從下面的單元格向上概括，或從右邊的單元格向左歸納。

　　73．Functions/Roles/Importance/Significance

　　【解析】根據(jù)第二、三段以及表格右欄講述的責(zé)任心強(qiáng)的人使得機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)營(yíng)得很好，責(zé)任心強(qiáng)的雇員有杰出的表現(xiàn)等可知本欄講的是責(zé)任心的作用或者重要性。

　　77. problems/troubles

　　【解析】從表格右欄里的內(nèi)容和第五段的第一句But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems可知答案。

　　閱讀理解

　　Although I started learning English during my college years, when I entered the States, I only understood two English words “Yes” and “No”. We learned many grammar rules but we could not make the language connections to the real English world. Language frustration worries almost all first generation immigrants. For example, I got a letter from a Chinese-American who has lived in the States for a long time and has a good IT job saying “My 11-year-old girl writes quite well, but as her parents, we could not even read her article.”In addition, my Chinese-American professor friend has difficulty reading a novel. Improving our English skills has become a long journey for all of us. Honestly, if I have a chance, I really want to reach out to everyone in the world who has had a similar experience: learning a second language in adulthood. I wish I could encourage them to speak out about the culture shock, frustration they felt about the differences between West and East.

　　I have mainly focused on my English writing since 2008 after I found “Literacy Volunteers”, an organization that specially focuses on helping immigrants improve their English. I decided to challenge myself, writing a story like an American. I saw many wonderful Americans there. As soon as I met my teacher Alice, I asked her to be my private language tutor and have taken Tims English class. Every week Alice and I have worked on my English essays sentence by sentence.

　　To observe the culture differences between West and East, occasionally, I posted a few of my English essays online. I mentioned previously about American culture; when people read the same article or even face the same situation, American and Chinese act very differently. In my viewpoint, these differences make America the strongest country in the world. I know you have the right to express your own opinions, but accusing others without proof is not acceptable.

　　1. The purpose of the passage is　.

　　A. to show how hard a Chinese-American lives in America

　　B. to share her experience of improving her English

　　C. to imply grammar rules are not important

　　D. to warn Chinese-Americans of English

　　2. The underlined word “frustration” in the first paragraph means　.

　　A. failure and setbacks

　　B. words and problems

　　C. understanding and progress

　　D. slang and idioms

　　3. If the author had a good master of English, 　.

　　A. she would open a school for Chinese-Americans

　　B. she would like to hears the differences spoken out

　　C. she could lend a hand to the children for learning

　　D. she might earn some money by giving advice

　　4. In the passage, “Literacy Volunteers” is　.

　　A. only intended to help the Chinese-Americans

　　B. an organization which is set up to make a profit

　　C. of great use to people like the author

　　D. a school showing how to enjoy literature

　　5. From the last paragraph we can learn that　.

　　A. Americans and Chinese are of the same idea about something

　　B. culture shock only exists between Chinese and Americans

　　C. accusing others freely can be acceptable in America

　　D. culture differences have great influence on the people

　　【參考答案】14.BABCD 　

　　閱讀理解

　　.

　　If you have kids, you probably struggle over whether you should focus on working hard to make money and provide them with the best possible life, or if it’s more valuable to spend every moment that you can with them. But no matter which side of the fence you fall on, here’re some good news if you’re a parent: today’s parents are spending far more time with their children than generations past.