句子成分 用法 例句

　　賓語 在一些及物動詞，如demand，hope，decide，expect等后充當(dāng)賓語； 常可用it充當(dāng)形式賓語，在it與不定式之間夾個(gè)賓補(bǔ)，這時(shí)謂語動詞常用think，believe，guess，suppose，feel，find等。 The workers demanded to get better pay.

　　I hope to be admitted to a famous university. I found it necessary to talk with him again.

　　句子成分 用法 例句

　　表語

　　起名詞作用，表主語的內(nèi)容，回答主語“是什么”。

　　His job today is to clean the floor and sweep the yard.

　　句子成分 用法 例句

　　定語

　　與被修飾的名詞之間常為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動賓關(guān)系，或是動狀關(guān)系等；

　　若被修飾的名詞是不定式動作的工具，或是邏輯賓語，則要注意給不定式加相應(yīng)的介詞。

　　He is always the first / last to come.

　　I have a lot of work to do. (I do the work.)

　　I have a lot of work to be done. (Someone else will do the work.)

　　We now have little time to play outside.

　　You'd better find a house to live in.

　　I have no pen to write with.

　　句子成分 用法 例句

　　狀語

　　不定式在句中可充當(dāng)目的狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語等。

　　To get there in time，he got up early.

　　I'm sorry to hear the bad news.

　　He is too young to go to school.

　　We are only too happy to see you.

　　句子成分 用法 例句

　　賓語補(bǔ)足語

　　常置于及物動詞(ask，tell，advise，expect，etc.)、感官動詞(see，hear，find，etc.)、使役動詞(make，have，get，etc.)及介詞(with/ without, etc.)后。

　　注意有時(shí)to的省略及在被動句中變?yōu)橹餮a(bǔ)時(shí)to的還原。

　　The teacher advised us to have a rest first.I didn't notice them come in.She was seen to post the letter yesterday afternoon.He couldn't go out with much work to do.

　　(四)V-ing分詞和V-ed分詞 (A)V-ing 分詞 1．V-ing分詞(即動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞)的各種形式及意義 主動 否定式 被動式 否定式 一般式 doing not doing

　　being done not being done 完成式 having done not having done having been done not having been done 主動 否定式 被動式 否定式 提示 一般式表示該動作與謂語動作同時(shí)進(jìn)行；完成式表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。 一要注意not被“V-ing”緊跟；二要避免用“don't”。 表示其邏輯主語接受這一動作。 句子成分 用法 例句 表語 表示主語的特性，常與連系動詞be，get, become, look, feel, seem, grow, keep，remain等連用。 The film is more exciting than any that I've seen. The work was tiring. The situation is inspiring.

　　句子成分 用法 例句 賓補(bǔ)

　　在句子中構(gòu)成“謂語動詞＋O＋V-ing”結(jié)構(gòu)。常用在watch, see, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, have, leave等動詞＋賓語之后。

　　He kept me waiting for a long time.

　　I saw a girl running to me.

　　I heard someone calling me.

　　句子成分 用法 例句 定語

　　若單個(gè)的V-ing作定語，置于被修飾的名詞之前；若V-ing短語作定語，則置于被修飾的名詞之后。這個(gè)定語往往相當(dāng)于一個(gè)謂語動詞是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(有時(shí)是一般時(shí)態(tài))的定語從句。

　　There is a waiting taxi (＝a taxi which is waiting)around the corner.

　　→There is a taxi waiting for us (＝a taxi which is waiting for us)around the corner.

　　The old lady living next to my house

　　was an English teacher.

　　→The old lady who lives next to my house was an English teacher.

　　句子成分 用法 例句 狀語

　　一般用于表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況的狀語。

　　Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.

　　Being ill I stayed at home.

　　Seeing that it was raining, Tom put on his raincoat.

　　The car ran at an amusing speed, knocking into the wall.

　　Turning to the left, you'll find the post office.

　　Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.

　　He sat in the chair, reading China Daily.

　　表一

　　動作意義 動詞類別 例詞 完成 被動 及物動詞 raised(raise) 已經(jīng)提高 被提高 不及物動詞 risen(rise) 已經(jīng)升起 表二

　　成分 例句 位置 語法功能 表語 (1)The glass is broken. (2)He is quite pleased.

　　在連系動詞之后

　　(1)表主語的狀態(tài)

　　(2)表主語的心理感覺

　　定語

　　Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. (2)The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.

　　?單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語一般前置

　　?過去分詞短語作定語通常后置

　　相當(dāng)于一個(gè)謂語動詞是被動語態(tài)的定語從句

　　成分 例句 位置 語法功能 狀語

　　(1)Seen from the top of the hill，the city looked like a big garden.

　　(2)Deeply moved by the story，the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.

　　(3)Given another chance，he will do better.

　　(4)Laughed at by many people，he continued his study.

　　(5)The old man went into the room，supported by his wife.

　　狀語的位置較為靈活，可視表達(dá)需要而定。

　　(1)時(shí)間狀語

　　(2)原因狀語

　　(3)條件狀語

　　(4)讓步狀語

　　(5)方式狀語

　　成分 例句 位置 語法功能 補(bǔ)語

　　(1)You should speak louder to make yourself heard.

　　(2)One of the glasses was found broken.

　　(1)賓補(bǔ)

　　(2)主補(bǔ)

　　(五)V-ing/V-ed分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

　　名稱 形式 作用 例句 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) n.＋V-ing n.'s＋V-ing pron.＋V-ing 通常作句子的主語、賓語。 注意之點(diǎn)： (1)結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞(n.)可用普通格或所有格；代詞用人稱代詞(pron.)的賓格或形容詞性物主代詞。但是，若該結(jié)構(gòu)作主語置于句首時(shí)，只能用名詞所有格或物主代詞。(2)這種結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式仍是在V-ing前加not。 It's no use your trying to cheat me.Tom's having seen them did not surprise us.Your going there will help a lot.Do you mind me/my opening the door？Excuse me/my interrupting you.I have often heard of him/his working hard.Mary's not passing the exam made her father very angry. 名稱 形式 作用 例句 現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

　　n.＋V-ing

　　pron.＋V-ing

　　there＋V-ing

　　通常在句子中作狀語，表時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨情況等。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，V-ing前的代詞一般用主格。

　　The rain being over，we continued to march.The river having risen in the night，the crossing was impossible.Weather permitting，we'll have the match tomorrow.He guiding her，they walked through the woods.There being no bus，he had to walk home. 名稱 形式 作用 例句 過去分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

　　n.＋V-ed

　　pron.＋V-ed

　　常用作狀語，可置于句首、句中或句末。

　　The flowers watered，the old gardener had a rest.

　　The boy left then playground, his right foot wounded

　　This done，we went home.

　　名稱 形式 作用 例句 分詞的with結(jié)構(gòu) with＋O＋V-ed

　　with＋O＋V-ing

　　這種結(jié)構(gòu)的作用與以上獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)差不多。with沒有實(shí)際意義，只是比較口語化，其后的代詞只能用賓格。

　　With Mr. Smith taking the lead，they decided to set up a trading company.

　　I told him not to be afraid with me standing by.

　　They are sleeping with the radio turned off.

　　十、非謂語動詞

　　功能 形式 主語 賓語 表語 定語 狀語 賓補(bǔ) 相當(dāng)詞類 不定式(to＋v.) √ √ √ √ √ √ n./adj./adv. 動名詞(v.＋ing) √ √ √ √ n. 現(xiàn)在分詞(v.＋ing) √ √ √ √ adj./adv. 過去分詞(v.＋ed) √ √ √ √ adj./adv. 2.非謂語動詞作主語和表語的區(qū)別

　　形式 區(qū)　別 例　句 不定式 多表示一個(gè)特定的具體的將來的動作，作主語時(shí)可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。作表語時(shí)起n.作用，表示主語的內(nèi)容，回答主語是什么。

　　My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important. It is necessary to study English.

　　形式 區(qū)　別 例　句 動名詞 更接近于名詞，表示的動作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動作，有時(shí)也可以用it作形式主語。作表語時(shí)與不定式一樣，表示主語的內(nèi)容，回答主語是什么。

　　It is no use saying that again and again. Her job is teaching.

　　形式 區(qū)　別 例　句 分詞 分詞沒有名詞的功能，不能作主語和賓語。 分詞只具adj./adv.的功能，作表語時(shí)表示主語的特性或狀態(tài)，回答主語怎么樣。 The situation is encouraging. The book is well written. This story is very interesting.

　　He is interested in the film. 3.非謂語動詞作賓語(限不定式與動名詞，分詞無此功能) 情　況 常

　　用

　　動

　　詞 只接不定式作賓語的動詞 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen, etc. 4.非謂語動詞作定語

　　形式 區(qū)　別 舉　例 不定式 通常置于修飾的名詞或代詞之后，大多表示一個(gè)未來的動作。 I have a lot of work to do. It's time to go. He was the first to come.

　　動名詞 通常指被修飾詞的用途。通常置于被其修飾的名詞之前。 Shall we go to the swimming pool？ 形式 區(qū)　別 舉　例 現(xiàn)在分詞 與被修飾詞之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示該動作正在進(jìn)行 the boiling water

　　the developing country the falling leaves 過去分詞 與被修飾詞之間是被動關(guān)系，也表示該動作已經(jīng)完成 the boiled water the developed country the fallen leaves 6．非謂語動詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語(動名詞無此功能) 2．動詞不定式在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞旨坝梅?句子成分 用法 例句

　　主語 一般強(qiáng)調(diào)某特定的具體的或?qū)淼男袨椋?常可用it充當(dāng)形式主語； 不定式作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 To read English novels is a good way to learn English. It is very important to learn how to use the computer.

　　句子成分 用法 例句

　　賓語 在一些及物動詞，如demand，hope，decide，expect等后充當(dāng)賓語； 常可用it充當(dāng)形式賓語，在it與不定式之間夾個(gè)賓補(bǔ)，這時(shí)謂語動詞常用think，believe，guess，suppose，feel，find等。 The workers demanded to get better pay.

　　I hope to be admitted to a famous university. I found it necessary to talk with him again.

　　句子成分 用法 例句

　　表語

　　起名詞作用，表主語的內(nèi)容，回答主語“是什么”。

　　His job today is to clean the floor and sweep the yard.

　　句子成分 用法 例句

　　定語

　　與被修飾的名詞之間常為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動賓關(guān)系，或是動狀關(guān)系等；

　　若被修飾的名詞是不定式動作的工具，或是邏輯賓語，則要注意給不定式加相應(yīng)的介詞。

　　He is always the first / last to come.

　　I have a lot of work to do. (I do the work.)

　　I have a lot of work to be done. (Someone else will do the work.)

　　We now have little time to play outside.

　　You'd better find a house to live in.

　　I have no pen to write with.

　　句子成分 用法 例句

　　狀語

　　不定式在句中可充當(dāng)目的狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語等。

　　To get there in time，he got up early.

　　I'm sorry to hear the bad news.

　　He is too young to go to school.

　　We are only too happy to see you.

　　句子成分 用法 例句

　　賓語補(bǔ)足語

　　常置于及物動詞(ask，tell，advise，expect，etc.)、感官動詞(see，hear，find，etc.)、使役動詞(make，have，get，etc.)及介詞(with/ without, etc.)后。

　　注意有時(shí)to的省略及在被動句中變?yōu)橹餮a(bǔ)時(shí)to的還原。

　　The teacher advised us to have a rest first.I didn't notice them come in.She was seen to post the letter yesterday afternoon.He couldn't go out with much work to do.

　　(四)V-ing分詞和V-ed分詞 (A)V-ing 分詞 1．V-ing分詞(即動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞)的各種形式及意義 主動 否定式 被動式 否定式 一般式 doing not doing

　　being done not being done 完成式 having done not having done having been done not having been done 主動 否定式 被動式 否定式 提示 一般式表示該動作與謂語動作同時(shí)進(jìn)行；完成式表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。 一要注意not被“V-ing”緊跟；二要避免用“don't”。 表示其邏輯主語接受這一動作。 句子成分 用法 例句 表語 表示主語的特性，常與連系動詞be，get, become, look, feel, seem, grow, keep，remain等連用。 The film is more exciting than any that I've seen. The work was tiring. The situation is inspiring.

　　句子成分 用法 例句 賓補(bǔ)

　　在句子中構(gòu)成“謂語動詞＋O＋V-ing”結(jié)構(gòu)。常用在watch, see, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, have, leave等動詞＋賓語之后。

　　He kept me waiting for a long time.

　　I saw a girl running to me.

　　I heard someone calling me.

　　句子成分 用法 例句 定語

　　若單個(gè)的V-ing作定語，置于被修飾的名詞之前；若V-ing短語作定語，則置于被修飾的名詞之后。這個(gè)定語往往相當(dāng)于一個(gè)謂語動詞是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(有時(shí)是一般時(shí)態(tài))的定語從句。

　　There is a waiting taxi (＝a taxi which is waiting)around the corner.

　　→There is a taxi waiting for us (＝a taxi which is waiting for us)around the corner.

　　The old lady living next to my house

　　was an English teacher.

　　→The old lady who lives next to my house was an English teacher.

　　句子成分 用法 例句 狀語

　　一般用于表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況的狀語。

　　Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.

　　Being ill I stayed at home.

　　Seeing that it was raining, Tom put on his raincoat.

　　The car ran at an amusing speed, knocking into the wall.

　　Turning to the left, you'll find the post office.

　　Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.

　　He sat in the chair, reading China Daily.

　　表一

　　動作意義 動詞類別 例詞 完成 被動 及物動詞 raised(raise) 已經(jīng)提高 被提高 不及物動詞 risen(rise) 已經(jīng)升起 表二

　　成分 例句 位置 語法功能 表語 (1)The glass is broken. (2)He is quite pleased.

　　在連系動詞之后

　　(1)表主語的狀態(tài)

　　(2)表主語的心理感覺

　　定語

　　Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. (2)The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.

　　?單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語一般前置

　　?過去分詞短語作定語通常后置

　　相當(dāng)于一個(gè)謂語動詞是被動語態(tài)的定語從句

　　成分 例句 位置 語法功能 狀語

　　(1)Seen from the top of the hill，the city looked like a big garden.

　　(2)Deeply moved by the story，the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.

　　(3)Given another chance，he will do better.

　　(4)Laughed at by many people，he continued his study.

　　(5)The old man went into the room，supported by his wife.

　　狀語的位置較為靈活，可視表達(dá)需要而定。

　　(1)時(shí)間狀語

　　(2)原因狀語

　　(3)條件狀語

　　(4)讓步狀語

　　(5)方式狀語

　　成分 例句 位置 語法功能 補(bǔ)語

　　(1)You should speak louder to make yourself heard.

　　(2)One of the glasses was found broken.

　　(1)賓補(bǔ)

　　(2)主補(bǔ)

　　(五)V-ing/V-ed分詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

　　名稱 形式 作用 例句 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) n.＋V-ing n.'s＋V-ing pron.＋V-ing 通常作句子的主語、賓語。 注意之點(diǎn)： (1)結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞(n.)可用普通格或所有格；代詞用人稱代詞(pron.)的賓格或形容詞性物主代詞。但是，若該結(jié)構(gòu)作主語置于句首時(shí)，只能用名詞所有格或物主代詞。(2)這種結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式仍是在V-ing前加not。 It's no use your trying to cheat me.Tom's having seen them did not surprise us.Your going there will help a lot.Do you mind me/my opening the door？Excuse me/my interrupting you.I have often heard of him/his working hard.Mary's not passing the exam made her father very angry. 名稱 形式 作用 例句 現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

　　n.＋V-ing

　　pron.＋V-ing

　　there＋V-ing

　　通常在句子中作狀語，表時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨情況等。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，V-ing前的代詞一般用主格。

　　The rain being over，we continued to march.The river having risen in the night，the crossing was impossible.Weather permitting，we'll have the match tomorrow.He guiding her，they walked through the woods.There being no bus，he had to walk home. 名稱 形式 作用 例句 過去分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

　　n.＋V-ed

　　pron.＋V-ed

　　常用作狀語，可置于句首、句中或句末。

　　The flowers watered，the old gardener had a rest.

　　The boy left then playground, his right foot wounded

　　This done，we went home.

　　名稱 形式 作用 例句 分詞的with結(jié)構(gòu) with＋O＋V-ed

　　with＋O＋V-ing

　　這種結(jié)構(gòu)的作用與以上獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)差不多。with沒有實(shí)際意義，只是比較口語化，其后的代詞只能用賓格。

　　With Mr. Smith taking the lead，they decided to set up a trading company.

　　I told him not to be afraid with me standing by.

　　They are sleeping with the radio turned off.

　　十、非謂語動詞

　　功能 形式 主語 賓語 表語 定語 狀語 賓補(bǔ) 相當(dāng)詞類 不定式(to＋v.) √ √ √ √ √ √ n./adj./adv. 動名詞(v.＋ing) √ √ √ √ n. 現(xiàn)在分詞(v.＋ing) √ √ √ √ adj./adv. 過去分詞(v.＋ed) √ √ √ √ adj./adv. 2.非謂語動詞作主語和表語的區(qū)別

　　形式 區(qū)　別 例　句 不定式 多表示一個(gè)特定的具體的將來的動作，作主語時(shí)可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。作表語時(shí)起n.作用，表示主語的內(nèi)容，回答主語是什么。

　　My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important. It is necessary to study English.

　　形式 區(qū)　別 例　句 動名詞 更接近于名詞，表示的動作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動作，有時(shí)也可以用it作形式主語。作表語時(shí)與不定式一樣，表示主語的內(nèi)容，回答主語是什么。

　　It is no use saying that again and again. Her job is teaching.

　　形式 區(qū)　別 例　句 分詞 分詞沒有名詞的功能，不能作主語和賓語。 分詞只具adj./adv.的功能，作表語時(shí)表示主語的特性或狀態(tài)，回答主語怎么樣。 The situation is encouraging. The book is well written. This story is very interesting.

　　He is interested in the film. 3.非謂語動詞作賓語(限不定式與動名詞，分詞無此功能) 情　況 常

　　用

　　動

　　詞 只接不定式作賓語的動詞 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen, etc. 4.非謂語動詞作定語

　　形式 區(qū)　別 舉　例 不定式 通常置于修飾的名詞或代詞之后，大多表示一個(gè)未來的動作。 I have a lot of work to do. It's time to go. He was the first to come.

　　動名詞 通常指被修飾詞的用途。通常置于被其修飾的名詞之前。 Shall we go to the swimming pool？ 形式 區(qū)　別 舉　例 現(xiàn)在分詞 與被修飾詞之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示該動作正在進(jìn)行 the boiling water

　　the developing country the falling leaves 過去分詞 與被修飾詞之間是被動關(guān)系，也表示該動作已經(jīng)完成 the boiled water the developed country the fallen leaves 6．非謂語動詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語(動名詞無此功能) 2．動詞不定式在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞旨坝梅?句子成分 用法 例句

　　主語 一般強(qiáng)調(diào)某特定的具體的或?qū)淼男袨椋?常可用it充當(dāng)形式主語； 不定式作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 To read English novels is a good way to learn English. It is very important to learn how to use the computer.