短文寫作

　　第2講

　　議論性質文體

　　總體而言，議論性質文體是湖北近幾年來高考寫作的主流形式之一。它針對現實生活的種種問題，運用邏輯思維，通過說理和列舉事例，闡明人們或作者的觀點、主張和見解。此文體的命題形式多樣，話題廣泛。如何寫好此類書面表達，必須弄清兩方面的問題：篇章結構及特定的語言表達方式。

　　1. 議論性質短文寫作命題特點從形式上來看主要分兩種：

　　①“一分為二”的觀點闡述型，即A說，B說；或A說，B說，C說模式。

　　如2004年高考湖北卷書面表達“學習英語要不要從兒童時期開始”, 根據提示有兩種不同意見。再如2006年高考陜西卷寫作題“討論假期計劃”, 除闡明兩種不同看法外還要求陳述自己的看法。

　　②“我認為······ ” 的自我觀點闡述型。

　　如2005年高考湖北卷書面表達“回國工作征求意見”，及2008年高考四川卷書面表達“ What Can I Do for Our Environment?”等。

　　2. 議論性質書面表達通常都是“三段式或四段式”。

　　①“一分為二” 的觀點闡述型(如2004年湖北卷)，常用的篇章結構為：

　　段1陳述人們對“主題”的觀點;

　　段2陳述不同的觀點（注意：可分成兩段闡述，也可只寫一段）;

　　段3闡明自己的觀點或進行總結。

　　②“我認為······” 的自我觀點闡述型(如2005年湖北卷)，常用的篇章結構為：

　　第一段提出論點，對個人觀點進行概述；

　　第二段具體分析自己的觀點；

　　第三段概括自己的觀點。

　　1. 開頭：

　　開頭句根據要求要寫得漂亮一點，要用一些好的套用語。開頭句既要好，要切中主題，又要精彩，忌省略更忌啰嗦。

　　高考議論性質的書面表達有其特定的語言表達方式，如何開頭，如何展開話題陳述及如何結尾均有其一定的規律。

　　1. 開頭： 常見開頭用語： ① There is much discussion nowadays as to whether or not··· There are different opinions among people on/as to···Some people suggest that··· ② Different students have different ideas on···Their opinions fall into two groups as follows.

　　③ Recently we have had a heated discussion on whether ··· Opinions are divided on the question. ④ Recently a survey has been done to find out… ⑤ A recent study shows that nearly 50 percent of school kids··· ⑥ People’s opinions/ views about···vary from person to person.

　　2. 話題展開及過渡： 常用的過渡詞： 舉例: for example, for instance, take ··· for example, such as, like， and so on，so on and so forth等。

　　說明: that’s to say，in other words，namely等。

　　因果: so，for，therefore，as a result，as a consequence, consequently, thus，because，because of ，thanks to ··· ， owing to ··· ，due to 等。

　　遞進: then，besides，in addition, furthermore，moreover, what’s more等。 順序: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally; in the first/second/ Third ···place, last; to begin with, then, finally；to start with, next, in addition, finally；first and foremost, besides, last but not least; most important of all, moreover, finally等。

　　任何一篇文章都離不開篇章紐帶的起承轉合，尤其是高考英語書面表達。因此，話題展開的關鍵和作文的出彩在于過渡詞(transitional words)運用得恰到好處。

　　2. 話題展開及過渡： 常用的過渡詞： 轉折: nevertheless, however, although, though, but，on the contrary， after all, oppositely等。

　　總結: in short, in a word, in general, generally speaking, finally， at last， as far as I know， in brief， briefly speaking, in the end, as a matter of fact, in reality, in fact, on the whole, in conclusion, therefore等。

　　強調: really, indeed， certainly， surely， for sure, above all等。 對比: in the same way， just as， in common with, compared with, on the one hand ··· on the other hand, for one thing ··· for another， similarly等。

　　平行: and， both ··· and ··· ， as well as， as well， neither ··· nor ··· ， either ··· or ··· ， not only ··· but also ···等。

　　3. 觀點陳述： 常用套用語: A. 贊成: ① It is commonly (generally/widely/universally) thought (believed /agreed/accepted/held) that ··· ② Some people hold the view (belief/idea/opinion) that ··· ③ I think it wise/suitable /necessary /better/fit to do ··· ④ 70% of the people who were surveyed are in favor of ··· ⑤ Those who favor the idea think ··· ⑥ The majority of people believe that ··· 先提出觀點作為主題句, 再用具體的材料來論證說明該主題。

　　3. 觀點陳述： 常用套用語: B. 說明原因： ① The main reason (why they ··· ) is that ··· / is based on ··· ② ···, because ··· /because of ···, not only in terms of ··· but also in terms of ···

　　③ These people point out the fact that ··· ④ These people say that ··· ⑤ It seems that many people are under the impression that ···

　　3. 觀點陳述： 常用套用語: C. 反對： ① More ···(around ···), however, insist that main consideration should be given to ···, for they argue that ···

　　② However, those who are against the idea think /believe that··· ③ While others think ··· ④ People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.

　　⑤ Nevertheless/On the contrary, some people disapprove of it. ⑥ But the others disagree with them.

　　3. 觀點陳述： 常用套用語: D. 發表個人意見： ① As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter/ former opinion. ② I fully agree with the statement that ··· because ··· ③ In my opinion/view, the reasons are as follows. First ··· Second ··· Last but not the least ··· ④ Personally, I share these people’s points of view.

　　⑤ Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ··· ⑥ Personally, I disagree with the point of view for the following reasons. 4. 結尾：

　　結尾一般是全文對其主題的歸納，要運用聯想、對比等方法進行“適當的發揮”，以求能總結全文，簡潔扣題。好結尾能給閱卷老師留有一個很好、很完整的印象，能使全文增色。結尾可以是一段，也可以是一句或幾句話。 4. 結尾： 常用結束語： ① In short, ··· have not arrived at any agreement yet.

　　② As everyone knows, every coin has two sides. It is difficult to say whether it is good or not, as it depends very much on the situation of ··· However, from a personal point of view, I find ···

　　③ From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that ··· ④ With the development of society, it’s urgent and necessary to ···

　　⑤ If we can not take useful measures, we can not control this trend, and some undesirable results may come up unexpectedly, so what we should do is ···

　　短文寫作

　　第2講

　　議論性質文體

　　總體而言，議論性質文體是湖北近幾年來高考寫作的主流形式之一。它針對現實生活的種種問題，運用邏輯思維，通過說理和列舉事例，闡明人們或作者的觀點、主張和見解。此文體的命題形式多樣，話題廣泛。如何寫好此類書面表達，必須弄清兩方面的問題：篇章結構及特定的語言表達方式。

　　1. 議論性質短文寫作命題特點從形式上來看主要分兩種：

　　①“一分為二”的觀點闡述型，即A說，B說；或A說，B說，C說模式。

　　如2004年高考湖北卷書面表達“學習英語要不要從兒童時期開始”, 根據提示有兩種不同意見。再如2006年高考陜西卷寫作題“討論假期計劃”, 除闡明兩種不同看法外還要求陳述自己的看法。

　　②“我認為······ ” 的自我觀點闡述型。

　　如2005年高考湖北卷書面表達“回國工作征求意見”，及2008年高考四川卷書面表達“ What Can I Do for Our Environment?”等。

　　2. 議論性質書面表達通常都是“三段式或四段式”。

　　①“一分為二” 的觀點闡述型(如2004年湖北卷)，常用的篇章結構為：

　　段1陳述人們對“主題”的觀點;

　　段2陳述不同的觀點（注意：可分成兩段闡述，也可只寫一段）;

　　段3闡明自己的觀點或進行總結。

　　②“我認為······” 的自我觀點闡述型(如2005年湖北卷)，常用的篇章結構為：

　　第一段提出論點，對個人觀點進行概述；

　　第二段具體分析自己的觀點；

　　第三段概括自己的觀點。

　　1. 開頭：

　　開頭句根據要求要寫得漂亮一點，要用一些好的套用語。開頭句既要好，要切中主題，又要精彩，忌省略更忌啰嗦。

　　高考議論性質的書面表達有其特定的語言表達方式，如何開頭，如何展開話題陳述及如何結尾均有其一定的規律。

　　1. 開頭： 常見開頭用語： ① There is much discussion nowadays as to whether or not··· There are different opinions among people on/as to···Some people suggest that··· ② Different students have different ideas on···Their opinions fall into two groups as follows.

　　③ Recently we have had a heated discussion on whether ··· Opinions are divided on the question. ④ Recently a survey has been done to find out… ⑤ A recent study shows that nearly 50 percent of school kids··· ⑥ People’s opinions/ views about···vary from person to person.

　　2. 話題展開及過渡： 常用的過渡詞： 舉例: for example, for instance, take ··· for example, such as, like， and so on，so on and so forth等。

　　說明: that’s to say，in other words，namely等。

　　因果: so，for，therefore，as a result，as a consequence, consequently, thus，because，because of ，thanks to ··· ， owing to ··· ，due to 等。

　　遞進: then，besides，in addition, furthermore，moreover, what’s more等。 順序: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally; in the first/second/ Third ···place, last; to begin with, then, finally；to start with, next, in addition, finally；first and foremost, besides, last but not least; most important of all, moreover, finally等。

　　任何一篇文章都離不開篇章紐帶的起承轉合，尤其是高考英語書面表達。因此，話題展開的關鍵和作文的出彩在于過渡詞(transitional words)運用得恰到好處。

　　2. 話題展開及過渡： 常用的過渡詞： 轉折: nevertheless, however, although, though, but，on the contrary， after all, oppositely等。

　　總結: in short, in a word, in general, generally speaking, finally， at last， as far as I know， in brief， briefly speaking, in the end, as a matter of fact, in reality, in fact, on the whole, in conclusion, therefore等。

　　強調: really, indeed， certainly， surely， for sure, above all等。 對比: in the same way， just as， in common with, compared with, on the one hand ··· on the other hand, for one thing ··· for another， similarly等。

　　平行: and， both ··· and ··· ， as well as， as well， neither ··· nor ··· ， either ··· or ··· ， not only ··· but also ···等。

　　3. 觀點陳述： 常用套用語: A. 贊成: ① It is commonly (generally/widely/universally) thought (believed /agreed/accepted/held) that ··· ② Some people hold the view (belief/idea/opinion) that ··· ③ I think it wise/suitable /necessary /better/fit to do ··· ④ 70% of the people who were surveyed are in favor of ··· ⑤ Those who favor the idea think ··· ⑥ The majority of people believe that ··· 先提出觀點作為主題句, 再用具體的材料來論證說明該主題。

　　3. 觀點陳述： 常用套用語: B. 說明原因： ① The main reason (why they ··· ) is that ··· / is based on ··· ② ···, because ··· /because of ···, not only in terms of ··· but also in terms of ···

　　③ These people point out the fact that ··· ④ These people say that ··· ⑤ It seems that many people are under the impression that ···

　　3. 觀點陳述： 常用套用語: C. 反對： ① More ···(around ···), however, insist that main consideration should be given to ···, for they argue that ···

　　② However, those who are against the idea think /believe that··· ③ While others think ··· ④ People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.

　　⑤ Nevertheless/On the contrary, some people disapprove of it. ⑥ But the others disagree with them.

　　3. 觀點陳述： 常用套用語: D. 發表個人意見： ① As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter/ former opinion. ② I fully agree with the statement that ··· because ··· ③ In my opinion/view, the reasons are as follows. First ··· Second ··· Last but not the least ··· ④ Personally, I share these people’s points of view.

　　⑤ Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ··· ⑥ Personally, I disagree with the point of view for the following reasons. 4. 結尾：

　　結尾一般是全文對其主題的歸納，要運用聯想、對比等方法進行“適當的發揮”，以求能總結全文，簡潔扣題。好結尾能給閱卷老師留有一個很好、很完整的印象，能使全文增色。結尾可以是一段，也可以是一句或幾句話。 4. 結尾： 常用結束語： ① In short, ··· have not arrived at any agreement yet.

　　② As everyone knows, every coin has two sides. It is difficult to say whether it is good or not, as it depends very much on the situation of ··· However, from a personal point of view, I find ···

　　③ From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that ··· ④ With the development of society, it’s urgent and necessary to ···

　　⑤ If we can not take useful measures, we can not control this trend, and some undesirable results may come up unexpectedly, so what we should do is ···