The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meaning of health have also changed over time. when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.

　　For much of recent western history, health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.

　　In the late 1940s the World Health Organization challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease . Health and the person were seen more holistically and not just in physical terms.

　　The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyles and behavior of the individual. Specific behaviors which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviors and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some , people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from it. This was largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical approach to health ignored the social and environmental conditions affecting the health of people.

　　During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyles factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. It was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa. People from 38 countries attended the meeting and reached an agreement about the creation of health. It is clear from their agreement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviors and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. It must include addressing issues as poverty, pollution, urbanization, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economical and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not operate separately or independently of each other. Rather, they are interacting and interdependent, and it is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote them.

　　47. In which year did the World Health Organization define health in terms of mental, physical and social wellbeing?

　　48. ______ benefited most from the healthy lifestyles approach to health.

　　49. The approach to health during the 1970s included the introduction of health ______ programs.

　　50. What are the three broad areas which relate the peoples health according to the socio- ecological view of health?

　　51. According to the agreement reached at the first International Conference of Health Promotion, the ______ between social, economical and environmental contexts determine the conditions that promote health.

　　參考答案及解析：

　　47. 1946

　　48. The wealthy members of society./The wealthy.

　　49. promotion/awareness

　　50. Social, economic and environmental contexts. ,/Society, economy and environment.

　　51. interrelationships

　　47.從第三段第二句They stated thathealth is a complete state of physical，mental and social well being and is not merely the absence of disease.可知正確答案是1946。

　　48.文中第四段講到20世紀70年代，人們強調生活方式和行為對健康的影響。但對富有階層這種方法是有效果的，而失業的、貧困的人從中受益很小。由第四段第四句While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some ，people experiencing poverty，unemployment，underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from it.可見受益最多的是富有階層。因此，正確答案是：The wealthy members of society或者表達為The wealthy。

　　49.第四段第三句講到促進健康不僅要提供醫療服務，還要引入幫助人們了解和保持健康的行為和生活方式的健康增進計劃和政策，因此可見此處要填寫的答案是promotion。當然根據理解，要引入的是幫助人們了解和保持健康生活方式的項目或計劃，所以此處也可以填寫awareness。

　　50.從最后一段第二、三句While lifestyles factors still remam important，health is being viewed also in terms of the social，economic and environmental contexts in which people live.This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health.可知，影響人們健康的是：Social，economic and environmental contexts.。還可以直接用名詞來表示這三個領域Society，economy and environment.。

　　51.從文章最后兩句The social，economical and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not operate separately or independently of each other.Rather，they are interacting and interdependent，and it is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote them.可以看出社會、經濟和環境三個因素在增進健康方面是相互作用的，不是彼此獨立的。正是三者的相互作用、相輔相成的復雜相互關系 決定健康改善情況。因此正確答案為interrelationships。

　　The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meaning of health have also changed over time. when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.

　　For much of recent western history, health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing.

　　In the late 1940s the World Health Organization challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease . Health and the person were seen more holistically and not just in physical terms.

　　The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyles and behavior of the individual. Specific behaviors which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviors and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some , people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from it. This was largely because both the healthy lifestyles approach and the medical approach to health ignored the social and environmental conditions affecting the health of people.

　　During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyles factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. It was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa. People from 38 countries attended the meeting and reached an agreement about the creation of health. It is clear from their agreement that the creation of health is about much more than encouraging healthy individual behaviors and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. It must include addressing issues as poverty, pollution, urbanization, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economical and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not operate separately or independently of each other. Rather, they are interacting and interdependent, and it is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote them.

　　47. In which year did the World Health Organization define health in terms of mental, physical and social wellbeing?

　　48. ______ benefited most from the healthy lifestyles approach to health.

　　49. The approach to health during the 1970s included the introduction of health ______ programs.

　　50. What are the three broad areas which relate the peoples health according to the socio- ecological view of health?

　　51. According to the agreement reached at the first International Conference of Health Promotion, the ______ between social, economical and environmental contexts determine the conditions that promote health.

　　參考答案及解析：

　　47. 1946

　　48. The wealthy members of society./The wealthy.

　　49. promotion/awareness

　　50. Social, economic and environmental contexts. ,/Society, economy and environment.

　　51. interrelationships

　　47.從第三段第二句They stated thathealth is a complete state of physical，mental and social well being and is not merely the absence of disease.可知正確答案是1946。

　　48.文中第四段講到20世紀70年代，人們強調生活方式和行為對健康的影響。但對富有階層這種方法是有效果的，而失業的、貧困的人從中受益很小。由第四段第四句While this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some ，people experiencing poverty，unemployment，underemployment or little control over the conditions of their daily lives benefited little from it.可見受益最多的是富有階層。因此，正確答案是：The wealthy members of society或者表達為The wealthy。

　　49.第四段第三句講到促進健康不僅要提供醫療服務，還要引入幫助人們了解和保持健康的行為和生活方式的健康增進計劃和政策，因此可見此處要填寫的答案是promotion。當然根據理解，要引入的是幫助人們了解和保持健康生活方式的項目或計劃，所以此處也可以填寫awareness。

　　50.從最后一段第二、三句While lifestyles factors still remam important，health is being viewed also in terms of the social，economic and environmental contexts in which people live.This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health.可知，影響人們健康的是：Social，economic and environmental contexts.。還可以直接用名詞來表示這三個領域Society，economy and environment.。

　　51.從文章最后兩句The social，economical and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not operate separately or independently of each other.Rather，they are interacting and interdependent，and it is the complex interrelationships between them which determine the conditions that promote them.可以看出社會、經濟和環境三個因素在增進健康方面是相互作用的，不是彼此獨立的。正是三者的相互作用、相輔相成的復雜相互關系 決定健康改善情況。因此正確答案為interrelationships。