SAT寫作經典例子之南非首任黑人總統曼德拉

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　　Mandela in 2008

　　President of South Africa

　　In office　10 May 1994 14 June 1999　　2 September 1998 14 June 1999

　　Born：Rolihlahla Mandela 18 July 1918 　Mvezo, South Africa

　　Nationality：South African

　　Political party：African National Congress

　　Spouse：Evelyn Ntoko Mase

　　Winnie Madikizela

　　Graa Machel

　　Children：6

　　Residence：Houghton Estate, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa

　　Alma mater：University of Fort Hare　　University of London External System　　University of South Africa　　University of the Witwatersrand

　　Religion：Methodism

　　Signature：

　　Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela is a South African politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first ever to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before being elected President, Mandela was a militant anti-apartheid activist, and the leader and co-founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress . In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life. Mandela went on to serve 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to the establishment of democracy in 1994. As President, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation, while introducing policies aimed at combating poverty and inequality in South Africa.

　　In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba, his Xhosa clan name; or as tata . Mandela has received more than 250 awards over four decades.

　　Early life

　　Nelson Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty, which reigns in the Transkei region of South Africas Eastern Cape Province. He was born in Mvezo, a small village located in the district of Umtata. He has Khoisan ancestry on his mothers side. His patrilineal great-grandfather Ngubengcuka , ruled as the Inkosi Enkhulu, or king, of the Thembu people. One of the kings sons, named Mandela, became Nelsons grandfather and the source of his surname. However, because he was only the Inkosis child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan , the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to succeed to the Thembu throne.

　　Nelson Mandela circa 1937

　　Political activity

　　After the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated National Party, which supported the apartheid policy of racial segregation, Mandela began actively participating in politics. He led prominently in the ANCs 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People, whose adoption of the Freedom Charter provided the fundamental basis of the anti-apartheid cause. During this time, Mandela and fellow lawyer Oliver Tambo operated the law firm of Mandela and Tambo, providing free or low-cost legal counsel to many blacks who lacked attorney representation.

　　Mahatma Gandhi influenced Mandelas approach, and subsequently the methods of succeeding generations of South African anti-apartheid activists. in South Africa).

　　Armed anti-apartheid activities

　　In 1961 Mandela became leader of the ANCs armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe , which he co-founded. He coordinated sabotage campaigns against military and government targets, making plans for a possible guerrilla war if the sabotage failed to end apartheid. Mandela also raised funds for MK abroad and arranged for paramilitary training of the group.

　　Fellow ANC member Wolfie Kodesh explains the bombing campaign led by Mandela: When we knew that we going to start on 16 December 1961, to blast the symbolic places of apartheid, like pass offices, native magistrates courts, and things like that ... post offices and ... the government offices. But we were to do it in such a way that nobody would be hurt, nobody would get killed. Mandela said of Wolfie: His knowledge of warfare and his first hand battle experience were extremely helpful to me.

　　Later, mostly in the 1980s, MK, the organisation co-founded by Mandela, waged a guerrilla war against the apartheid government in which many civilians became casualties.. For example, the Church Street bomb in Pretoria killed 19 people and injured 217. After he had become President, Mandela later admitted that the ANC, in its struggle against apartheid, also violated human rights, criticising those in his own party who attempted to remove statements mentioning this from the reports of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

　　Until July 2008 Mandela and ANC party members were barred from entering the United Statesexcept to visit the United Nations headquarters in Manhattanwithout a special waiver from the US Secretary of State, because of their South African apartheid government era designation as terrorists.

　　Arrest and Rivonia trial

　　On 5 August 1962 Mandela was arrested after living on the run for seventeen months, and was imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort. The arrest was made possible because the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency allegedly tipped off the security police as to Mandelas whereabouts and disguise. Three days later, the charges of leading workers to strike in 1961 and leaving the country illegally were read to him during a court appearance. On 25 October 1962, Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison.

　　While Mandela was imprisoned, police arrested prominent ANC leaders on 11 July 1963, at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia, north of Johannesburg. Mandela was brought in, and at the Rivonia Trial they were charged by the chief prosecutor Dr. Percy Yutar with four charges of the capital crimes of sabotage and crimes which were equivalent to treason, but easier for the government to prove. They were also charged with plotting a foreign invasion of South Africa, which Mandela denied. The specifics of the charges to which Mandela admitted complicity involved conspiring with the African National Congress and South African Communist Party to the use of explosives to destroy water, electrical, and gas utilities in the Republic of South Africa.

　　Imprisonment

　　Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island where he remained for the next eighteen of his twenty-seven years in prison. While in jail, his reputation grew and he became widely known as the most significant black leader in South Africa. On the island, he and others performed hard labour in a lime quarry. Prison conditions were very basic. Prisoners were segregated by race, with black prisoners receiving the fewest rations. Political prisoners were kept separate from ordinary criminals and received fewer privileges. Mandela describes how, as a D-group prisoner he was allowed one visitor and one letter every six months Letters, when they came, were often delayed for long periods and made unreadable by the prison censors.

　　On the day of his release, Mandela said his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in both national and local elections.

　　Negotiations

　　Following his release from prison, Mandela returned to the leadership of the ANC and, between 1990 and 1994, led the party in the multi-party negotiations that led to the countrys first multi-racial elections.

　　Mandela meeting with US President Bill Clinton in 1993

　　Presidency of South Africa

　　South Africas first multi-racial elections in which full enfranchisement was granted were held on 27 April 1994. The ANC won 62% of the votes in the election, and Mandela, as leader of the ANC, was inaugurated on 10 May 1994 as the countrys first black President, with the National Partys de Klerk as his first deputy and Thabo Mbeki as the second in the Government of National Unity. As President from May 1994 until June 1999, Mandela presided over the transition from minority rule and apartheid, winning international respect for his advocacy of national and international reconciliation. Mandela encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated Springboks as South Africa hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup. After the Springboks won an epic final over New Zealand, Mandela presented the trophy to captain Francois Pienaar, an Afrikaner, wearing a Springbok shirt with Pienaars own number 6 on the back. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans.

　　After assuming the presidency, one of Mandelas trademarks was his use of Batik shirts, known as Madiba shirts, even on formal occasions. In South Africas first post-apartheid military operation, Mandela ordered troops into Lesotho in September 1998 to protect the government of Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili. This came after a disputed election prompted fierce opposition threatening the unstable government. Commentators and critics including AIDS activists such as Edwin Cameron have criticised Mandela for his governments ineffectiveness in stemming the AIDS crisis. After his retirement, Mandela admitted that he may have failed his country by not paying more attention to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Mandela has since spoken out on several occasions about the AIDS epidemic.

　　Retirement

　　Mandela became the oldest elected President of South Africa when he took office at the age of 75 in 1994. He decided not to stand for a second term and retired in 1999, to be succeeded by Thabo Mbeki.

　　After his retirement as President, Mandela went on to become an advocate for a variety of social and human rights organisations. He has expressed his support for the international Make Poverty History movement of which the ONE Campaign is a part. The Nelson Mandela Invitational charity golf tournament, hosted by Gary Player, has raised over twenty million rand for childrens charities since its inception in 2000. This annual special event has become South Africas most successful charitable sports gathering and benefits both the Nelson Mandela Childrens Fund and Gary Player Foundation equally for various childrens causes around the world.

　　Acclaim

　　Eve Fairbanks of Newsweek said Mandela rightly occupies an untouched place in the South African imagination. Hes the national liberator, the saviour, its Washington and Lincoln rolled into one.

　　In November 2009, the United Nations General Assembly announced that Mandelas birthday, 18 July, is to be known as Mandela Day to mark his contribution to world freedom.

　　Orders and decorations

　　Mandela has received many South African, foreign and international honours, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 , the Order of Merit from, and creation as, a Baliff Grand Cross of the Order of St. John by Queen Elizabeth II and the Presidential Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush. In July 2004, the city of Johannesburg bestowed its highest honour on Mandela by granting him the freedom of the city at a ceremony in Orlando, Soweto.

　　As an example of his popular foreign acclaim, during his tour of Canada in 1998, 45,000 school children greeted him with adulation at a speaking engagement in the SkyDome in the city of Toronto. In 2001, he was the first living person to be made an honorary Canadian citizen . While in Canada, he was also made an honorary Companion of the Order of Canada, one of the few foreigners to receive the honour.

　　In 1990 he received the Bharat Ratna Award from the government of India and also received the last ever Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union. In 1992 he was awarded the Atatrk Peace Award by Turkey. He refused the award citing human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999. In 1992 he received of Nishan-e-Pakistan, the highest civil service award of Pakistan.

　　納爾遜羅利赫拉赫拉曼德拉是享譽全球的諾貝爾和平獎得主。為了推翻南非白人種族主義統治，他進行了長達50年艱苦卓絕的斗爭，鐵窗面壁27年。最終，從階下囚一躍成為南非第一任黑人總統，為新南非開創了一個民主統一的局面。