英語(yǔ)講義【11】語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)有方
英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（the active voice）和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（the passive voice）兩種形式。如果主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主宰，這就是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；如果賓語(yǔ)成為動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，這就是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
在下列兩個(gè)句子中，（a）是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，（b）是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
① a. I have just bought a new book.
b. A new book has just been bought by me.
② a. Tom will invite you to dinner.
b. You will be invited to dinner by Tom.
主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的步驟
從主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，必須按照下列步驟進(jìn)行：
⒈把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后頭的賓語(yǔ)移到句首當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。如果沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)或者不是賓語(yǔ)的句子成分， 就沒(méi)有新主語(yǔ)；這句話也就不能有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)了。
⒉如果有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)（即直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)），只要把其中一個(gè)變成主語(yǔ)即可， 其他一個(gè)保留在原位。
⒊用助動(dòng)詞be + 過(guò)去分詞的動(dòng)詞形式，并和主語(yǔ)的人稱、數(shù)目配合；動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)也要和主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)里的配合。
⒋如果主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中有語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞（如：must, can, should）等，就以這個(gè)語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞和be + 過(guò)去分詞連用。
⒌把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)里的主語(yǔ)移到句末， 但要在它前面加上介詞by 。通常，這個(gè)by + 主語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)，都被省略了。
⒍如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是片語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（the phrasal verb）的話， 就要把片語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞當(dāng)一個(gè)單位處理。例如：
③ a. We must do the work.
b. The work must be done （by us）。
④ a. John gave Anne a pen.
b. Anne was given a pen by John 或 A pen was given to Anne by John.
⑤ a. They have put off the meeting.
b. They meeting has been put off.
使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況
一般上說(shuō)，我們用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)候多，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)候少。然而，如果我們不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，我們只有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)這條路可走：
⑥ A cat was knocked down.
⑦ Electricity is widely used in all cities.
⑧ The annual sports meet may be held in three months.
此外，在下列情況下，也最好用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
⒈賓語(yǔ)比主語(yǔ)重要，必須突出，如：
⑨ A thief was arrested.
⑩ The waste paper has been burnt.
如果把⑨和⑩改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，就平淡乏味了：
△The police arrested a thief.
△Someone has burnt the waste paper.
⒉不方便提到主語(yǔ)；在此情況下， 常用it來(lái)引導(dǎo)，如：
11. It is said that the government will raise the income tax.
⒊有些動(dòng)詞多以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)出現(xiàn)，如：
12. All are expected to come early.
13. The report was based on the findings of a survey.
英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（the active voice）和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（the passive voice）兩種形式。如果主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主宰，這就是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；如果賓語(yǔ)成為動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，這就是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
在下列兩個(gè)句子中，（a）是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，（b）是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
① a. I have just bought a new book.
b. A new book has just been bought by me.
② a. Tom will invite you to dinner.
b. You will be invited to dinner by Tom.
主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的步驟
從主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，必須按照下列步驟進(jìn)行：
⒈把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后頭的賓語(yǔ)移到句首當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。如果沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)或者不是賓語(yǔ)的句子成分， 就沒(méi)有新主語(yǔ)；這句話也就不能有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)了。
⒉如果有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)（即直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)），只要把其中一個(gè)變成主語(yǔ)即可， 其他一個(gè)保留在原位。
⒊用助動(dòng)詞be + 過(guò)去分詞的動(dòng)詞形式，并和主語(yǔ)的人稱、數(shù)目配合；動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)也要和主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)里的配合。
⒋如果主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中有語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞（如：must, can, should）等，就以這個(gè)語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞和be + 過(guò)去分詞連用。
⒌把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)里的主語(yǔ)移到句末， 但要在它前面加上介詞by 。通常，這個(gè)by + 主語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)，都被省略了。
⒍如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是片語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（the phrasal verb）的話， 就要把片語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞當(dāng)一個(gè)單位處理。例如：
③ a. We must do the work.
b. The work must be done （by us）。
④ a. John gave Anne a pen.
b. Anne was given a pen by John 或 A pen was given to Anne by John.
⑤ a. They have put off the meeting.
b. They meeting has been put off.
使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況
一般上說(shuō)，我們用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)候多，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)候少。然而，如果我們不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，我們只有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)這條路可走：
⑥ A cat was knocked down.
⑦ Electricity is widely used in all cities.
⑧ The annual sports meet may be held in three months.
此外，在下列情況下，也最好用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
⒈賓語(yǔ)比主語(yǔ)重要，必須突出，如：
⑨ A thief was arrested.
⑩ The waste paper has been burnt.
如果把⑨和⑩改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，就平淡乏味了：
△The police arrested a thief.
△Someone has burnt the waste paper.
⒉不方便提到主語(yǔ)；在此情況下， 常用it來(lái)引導(dǎo)，如：
11. It is said that the government will raise the income tax.
⒊有些動(dòng)詞多以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)出現(xiàn)，如：
12. All are expected to come early.
13. The report was based on the findings of a survey.
