英文最基本的五個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)
二、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用助動(dòng)詞be的人稱形式加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,它的肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)形式如下:
I am working。
I am not working。
Am I working?
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
where are they having the basket-ball match?
they are putting up the scaffolding。
hes showing a foreign guest round the city。
在不少情況下,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的漢語(yǔ)句子,并沒有正在這樣的字,在譯為英語(yǔ)時(shí)卻必須用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):
how are you getting on with the work?
the work is going fairly smoothly。
you are making rapid progress。
It is blowing hard。
who are you waiting for?
whenever I see her,she is working in the garden。我每次看到她時(shí),她總是在花園里干活。
在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)所列的表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動(dòng)詞,一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),因?yàn)樗麄儾荒鼙硎菊谶M(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。但如果詞義轉(zhuǎn)變,能表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,就能夠用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),試比較下面的句子:
do you see anyone over there?你看到那里有什么人嗎?
are you seeing someone off?你在給誰(shuí)送行嗎?
I hear someone singing。我聽見有人唱歌。
they are hearing an english talk?他們?cè)诼犚粋€(gè)英語(yǔ)報(bào)告。
what do you think of it?你覺得這怎么樣?
what are you thinking about?你在想什么?
另外,表示無(wú)法持續(xù)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,一般不宜用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),但有些可以用于這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示重復(fù)、即將等:
he is jumping up and down。她一上一下地跳著。
the train is arriving。火車就要進(jìn)站了。
the old man is dying。老頭病危了。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可用來(lái)表示一個(gè)在最近按計(jì)劃或安安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這是多有一個(gè)表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)):
we are leaving on friday。
are you going anywhere tomorrow?
a foreign guest is giving a lecture in english this afternoon。
xiao hong!coming。
who is interpreting for you?
we are having a holiday next monday。
但這僅限于少量動(dòng)詞,如go,come,leave,start,arrive,lunch,return,dine,work,sleep,stay,play,do,have,wear等。
另外,be going+不定式這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常用來(lái)表示即將發(fā)生的事或打算(準(zhǔn)備)做的事:
I am afraid it is going to rain。
It is going to be rather cold tomorrow。
she is not going to speak at the meeting。
在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中過(guò)去有許多人不贊成用go和come這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,感到很別扭,主張不說(shuō)are you going to go anywhere tomorrow?而說(shuō)are you going anywhere tomorrow?不說(shuō)is she going to come?而說(shuō)is she coming?但現(xiàn)在在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中用兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的人越來(lái)越多,這種用法基本上被大家接受了。
此外,在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,間或也可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)的情況或一般情況:
do not mention this when you are talking with him。
remember that when you are taking a rest,some else is always working。
if she is still sleeping,do not wake her up。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)用來(lái)代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),表示一個(gè)經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這是或是為了表示一種感情(a)如贊嘆、厭煩等,或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)情況的暫時(shí)性(b)。
a. how are you feeling today?(比how do you feel today?更顯親切)
xiao hua is doing fine work at school。(比xiao hua does fine work at school。更富贊美)
he is always thinking of his work。表贊許
he is constantly leaving his thing about。她老是亂扔?xùn)|西。(表不滿)
he is always boasting。他老愛說(shuō)大話。(表厭煩)
b.he is sleeping in the next room now。他現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在是在隔壁房間睡了(不再原來(lái)房間睡了)。
the professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill。
where is he working?他現(xiàn)在在那里工作?(可能剛換工作)
for this week we are starting work at 7:30。
he is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired。
be間或可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),表示一時(shí)的表現(xiàn):
you are not being modest。
he is being silly。
she is being friendly。
xiao hong is being a good girl today。
do not talk rot。i am being serious。
注: 在there和here引起的句子中,常可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):
here comes the bus。(=the bus is coming.)
there goes the bell.
在某些情況下兩種情況都可以用,沒有多少差別:
i wonder how i should answer then.
does your leg hurt?
it itches terribly.
my back aches .
i write to inform you.
二、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用助動(dòng)詞be的人稱形式加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,它的肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)形式如下:
I am working。
I am not working。
Am I working?
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
where are they having the basket-ball match?
they are putting up the scaffolding。
hes showing a foreign guest round the city。
在不少情況下,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的漢語(yǔ)句子,并沒有正在這樣的字,在譯為英語(yǔ)時(shí)卻必須用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):
how are you getting on with the work?
the work is going fairly smoothly。
you are making rapid progress。
It is blowing hard。
who are you waiting for?
whenever I see her,she is working in the garden。我每次看到她時(shí),她總是在花園里干活。
在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)所列的表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動(dòng)詞,一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),因?yàn)樗麄儾荒鼙硎菊谶M(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。但如果詞義轉(zhuǎn)變,能表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,就能夠用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),試比較下面的句子:
do you see anyone over there?你看到那里有什么人嗎?
are you seeing someone off?你在給誰(shuí)送行嗎?
I hear someone singing。我聽見有人唱歌。
they are hearing an english talk?他們?cè)诼犚粋€(gè)英語(yǔ)報(bào)告。
what do you think of it?你覺得這怎么樣?
what are you thinking about?你在想什么?
另外,表示無(wú)法持續(xù)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,一般不宜用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),但有些可以用于這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示重復(fù)、即將等:
he is jumping up and down。她一上一下地跳著。
the train is arriving。火車就要進(jìn)站了。
the old man is dying。老頭病危了。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可用來(lái)表示一個(gè)在最近按計(jì)劃或安安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這是多有一個(gè)表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)):
we are leaving on friday。
are you going anywhere tomorrow?
a foreign guest is giving a lecture in english this afternoon。
xiao hong!coming。
who is interpreting for you?
we are having a holiday next monday。
但這僅限于少量動(dòng)詞,如go,come,leave,start,arrive,lunch,return,dine,work,sleep,stay,play,do,have,wear等。
另外,be going+不定式這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常用來(lái)表示即將發(fā)生的事或打算(準(zhǔn)備)做的事:
I am afraid it is going to rain。
It is going to be rather cold tomorrow。
she is not going to speak at the meeting。
在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中過(guò)去有許多人不贊成用go和come這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞,感到很別扭,主張不說(shuō)are you going to go anywhere tomorrow?而說(shuō)are you going anywhere tomorrow?不說(shuō)is she going to come?而說(shuō)is she coming?但現(xiàn)在在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中用兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的人越來(lái)越多,這種用法基本上被大家接受了。
此外,在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,間或也可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)的情況或一般情況:
do not mention this when you are talking with him。
remember that when you are taking a rest,some else is always working。
if she is still sleeping,do not wake her up。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)用來(lái)代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),表示一個(gè)經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這是或是為了表示一種感情(a)如贊嘆、厭煩等,或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)情況的暫時(shí)性(b)。
a. how are you feeling today?(比how do you feel today?更顯親切)
xiao hua is doing fine work at school。(比xiao hua does fine work at school。更富贊美)
he is always thinking of his work。表贊許
he is constantly leaving his thing about。她老是亂扔?xùn)|西。(表不滿)
he is always boasting。他老愛說(shuō)大話。(表厭煩)
b.he is sleeping in the next room now。他現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在是在隔壁房間睡了(不再原來(lái)房間睡了)。
the professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill。
where is he working?他現(xiàn)在在那里工作?(可能剛換工作)
for this week we are starting work at 7:30。
he is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired。
be間或可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),表示一時(shí)的表現(xiàn):
you are not being modest。
he is being silly。
she is being friendly。
xiao hong is being a good girl today。
do not talk rot。i am being serious。
注: 在there和here引起的句子中,常可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):
here comes the bus。(=the bus is coming.)
there goes the bell.
在某些情況下兩種情況都可以用,沒有多少差別:
i wonder how i should answer then.
does your leg hurt?
it itches terribly.
my back aches .
i write to inform you.