專題十四　強調句和省略句

　　按照考綱要求，考生應能夠恰當?shù)厥褂迷~語和強調句式對表達的內容進行強調，近幾年的高考試題主要考查考生對謂語動詞的強調的理解和強調句型的靈活使用，考查復合句中的強調句式；按照考試大綱的要求，考生還應掌握英語省略的一些基本原則，在行文中正確地使用省略。

　　強調句

　　一、強調句句型

　　1．陳述句的強調句型：It is / was ＋被強調部分(通常是主語、賓語或狀語)＋ that / who(當強調主語且主語指人)＋其他部分。

　　It was on the party that he met one of his old friends.

　　2．一般疑問句的強調句型：同上，只是把is / was提到it前面。

　　Was it on the party that he met one of his old friends?

　　3．特殊疑問句的強調句型：被強調部分(通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞)＋ is / was ＋ it ＋ that / who ＋ 其他部分？

　　When and where was it that you were born?

　　I met the film star—Jackie Chan at Beijing Airport yesterday.

　　強調主語：It was I (that / who) met the film star—Jackie Chan at Beijing Airport yesterday.

　　強調賓語：It was the film star—Jackie Chan that / who I met at Beijing Airport yesterday.

　　強調地點狀語：It was at Beijing Airport that I met the film star—Jackie Chan yesterday.

　　強調時間狀語：It was yesterday that I met the film star—Jackie Chan at Beijing Airport.

　　注意：構成強調句的it本身沒有詞義；強調句中的連接詞一般只用that和who，即使在強調時間狀語和地點狀語時也如此，that和who不可省略；強調句中的時態(tài)通常用兩種：一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。原句謂語動詞是一般過去時、過去完成時和過去進行時，用It was...，其余的時態(tài)用It is...

　　二、not...until...句型的強調句

　　1．句型為：It is / was not until ＋被強調部分＋ that ＋其他部分

　　It was not until the last operation was finished that Bethune left the battle hospital.

　　注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是強調句型，till和until可通用。因為句型中It is / was not...已經(jīng)是否定句了，that后面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句。

　　三、謂語動詞的強調

　　1．It is / was...that...結構不能強調謂語，如果需要強調謂語時，用助動詞do / does或did。

　　Do sit down.

　　He did write to you last week.

　　Do be careful when you cross the street.

　　注意：此種強調只用do / does和did ，沒有別的形式；過去時用did ，后面的謂語動詞用原形。

　　省略句

　　為了使講話和行文簡潔，句中某些成分有時可省略。省略可分以下幾種情況：

　　一、簡單句中的省略

　　1．省略主語：祈使句中主語通常省略。其他省略主語的用法多限于少數(shù)現(xiàn)成的說法。

　　(I) Thank you for your help.

　　(I) See you tomorrow.

　　(It) Doesn't matter.

　　2．省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分。

　　(There is) No smoking.

　　(Is there) Anything wrong?

　　Why (do you) not say hello to him?

　　3．不定式的省略

　　(1)使役動詞let, make, have及感官動詞see, watch, hear, notice, observe, feel, look at, listen to 等后面作賓語補足的不定式要省去to, 但在被動句時應加上to。

　　I saw the boy fall from the tree.

　　The boy was seen to fall from the tree.

　　2)mean, try, want, afford, decide, refuse, wish, like, need, would like, would love...等后面接不定式作賓語時，省略作賓語的不定式。只保留不定式符號 to, 但如果該賓語是動詞 be 或完成時態(tài)的不定式時，則需在 to后加上be 或 have。

　　—Are you going there?

　　—Yes, I'd like to (go there)．

　　—Are you an engineer?

　　—No, but I want to be (an engineer)．

　　3)tell, warn, order, advise, ask, expect等動詞后接不定式作賓補時常省略不定式的賓語補足語。

　　The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to (enter the lab)．

　　4)兩個或兩個以上的動詞不定式并列在一起由and / or 連接時， 第1個不定式帶to, 后面的不定式可省去to。但如表示對比(照)等，則不省略to。

　　Her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash clothes.

　　It's better to laugh than to cry.

　　5)主 (賓)語補足語中的 to be 往往省略。

　　He was thought (to be ) the cleverest boy in the group.

　　6)特殊結構中的省略

　　would sooner, had better, do nothing but, have nothing to do but, there's nothing to do but, can't help but, rather than 等后的不定式的符號to常省略。

　　He would sooner die than surrender.

　　I'd rather look after the baby than wash dishes.

　　7)主語部分有一個表“做”的 do 的各種形式時，表語不定式常省略“to”。

　　What I really want to do is (to) go to the cinema.

　　4．省略表語

　　—Are you thirsty?

　　—Yes, I am (thirsty)．

　　5．同時省略幾個成分

　　Let's meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.

　　—Have you finished your work?

　　—(I have) Not (finished my work) yet.

　　二、并列句中的省略

　　兩個并列分句中，后一個分句常省略與前一分句中相同的部分。

　　My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.

　　I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.

　　三、主從復合句中的省略

　　1．主句中有一些成分被省略。

　　(I'm) Sorry to hear that you are ill.

　　(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.

　　2．從句的省略

　　(1)賓語從句

　　以 which, when, where, how和why引導的賓語從句在其謂語與主句謂語相同時，可省略全部謂語，甚至主語也省略，僅保留一個wh－詞。

　　She will go to Beijing, but I don't know when (she will go to Beijing.)

　　(2)狀語從句

　　在時間、地點、讓步、方式、條件狀語從句中，如果主語與主句主語一致，或者主語是it，那么動詞be及其主語通常可省略。常見的有以下幾種：

　　時間狀語從句： Be careful when (you are) crossing the street.

　　條件狀語從句： He won't go to the party unless (he is) invited.

　　比較狀語從句： Country music today remains much the same as (it was) before.

　　讓步狀語從句： Whether (it is) right or wrong, his opinion should be paid attention to.

　　注意：though和as 引導讓步狀語從句時，通常從句要倒裝。從句倒裝時， 如果從句的表語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)， 將名詞提前時，名詞前面的冠詞a / an須省略。

　　Child as / though he is, he knows much about the society.＝ Though he is a child, he knows much about the society.

　　注意：有些由 if 構成的省略結構，已屬固定短語，如if any, if necessary, if possible, if not, if so等。

　　If necessary, ring me at home.

　　—He may be busy.

　　—If so, I'll call later. If not, can I see him now?

　　(3)修飾名詞way 的限制性定語從句常省略in which或that。

　　Is this way you talk to your parents?

　　(4)強調句It is / was...that...，當強調疑問句時，that 常可省略。

　　Why was it (that) you were ten minutes late?

　　用so或not時切不可用it或that代替。

　　—Is he coming back tonight?

　　—I think so.

　　—Is he feeling better today?

　　—I'm afraid not.

　　這種用法常見的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so.及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。(但I don't think so比I think not更常用)。

　　四、連詞that的省略

　　1．賓語從句中常省略連詞that，但也有不能省略的情況(參看“名詞性從句”等有關部分)。

　　2．在定語從句中，that在從句中作賓語時可省略。

　　3．引導主語從句、同位語從句等的連詞that一般不可省略。在表語從句中偶爾可省略。

　　在近五年的高考試卷中強調句、省略句已經(jīng)成為高考熱點。命題者加大了對句子結構復雜程度和知識面的考查，同時注重考查知識之間的交叉。這就要求學生在復習和備考中注意總結，全面把握，深入研究。

　　具體把握強調句以下四大考點：

　　1．考查強調句式的基本結構

　　2．考查含有“not...until...”句型的強調句式

　　3．考查強調句式的疑問句

　　4．考查強調句式的正確判斷

　　省略是高考英語考試大綱要求掌握的語法項目之一，雖然不是每年必考項目，但不少省份有所涉及。從命題的趨勢來看，更側重考查省略在交際中的功能，考查語法知識間的交叉使用。2011四川卷15】Was it on a lonely island ______ he was saved one month after the boat went down?

　　A. where

　　B. that

　　C. which

　　D. what

　　B

　　【考點】考查強調句。

　　【解析】此處強調的是句子的地點狀語on a lonely island，是強調句的一般疑問句句型：Was it + 被強調部分+ that +句子？句意：“他是不是在小船沉沒一個月后在一個孤島上被營救的？”

　　2011陜西卷23】It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do______benefits our work most.

　　A. who

　　B. which

　　C. that

　　D. what

　　C

　　【考點】考查強調句。

　　【解析】強調句型:It is/was +被強調部分+that連接句子的其他部分。答案選擇C。

　　2011重慶卷32】—Have you seem the film Under the Hawthorn Tree?

　　Of course, I have. It was in our village _______ it was made.

　　A.that

　　B.where

　　C.when

　　D.which

　　【答案】A

　　【考點】考查強調句。

　　【解析】問話人詢問對方是否看過《山楂樹之戀》這部電影，答話人回答說當然看過，這部電影是在自己的村莊拍攝的。本句是強調句，被強調的部分是地點狀語in our village。強調狀語in our village。

　　2011湖南卷35】It’s not what we do once in a while ______ shapes our lives, but what we do consistently

　　A .which

　　B. that

　　C. how

　　D. when

　　B

　　【考點】本題考察強調句型。

　　【解析】本題考察強調句型。強調主語。故選B。句子意思：決定我們生活的東西不是我們偶爾所做的事情而是那些我們自始至終所做的事情。

　　2011江蘇卷33】It sounds like something is wrong with the car’s engine._______ , we’d better take it to the garage immediately.

　　A. Otherwise

　　B. If not

　　C. But for that

　　D. If so

　　D

　　【考點】考查省略和替代。

　　【解析】句意：聽起來車的發(fā)動機好像有問題，如果那樣的話，我們最好立刻把它弄到汽修廠去。前后兩句話之間是順承關系。Otherwise否則，要不然；if not要不，不然；but for that若不是因為那件事；if so若是這樣。

　　10安徽〗It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village _______ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.

　　A. where

　　B. that

　　C. when

　　D. which

　　B

　　〖考點〗本題考查強調句型。

　　〖解析〗迷惑點在于強調部分中含有一個定語從句that she had bought in the village。

　　10湖南〗John’s success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work

　　has made him what he is today.

　　A. why

　　B. when

　　C. which

　　D. that

　　D

　　〖考點〗考查強調句型。

　　〖解析〗題干為強調句型, 被強調部分為years of hard work, 故選D項。

　　10浙江〗The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if

　　regularly, can improve our health.

　　A. being carried out

　　B. carrying out

　　C. carried out

　　D. to carry out

　　C

　　〖考點〗本題考查if條件句中的省略情況。

　　the experiment；謂語動詞是shows；that引導賓語從句, 賓語從句的主干事：proper amounts of exercise can improve our health, if_____ regularly是插入的條件從句, 從句的主語是proper amounts of exercise, 此時應用it代替前面提到的主語, 條件句的主語與主句的主語一致, 并且含有is, 故省略了it is, 完整形式是：if it is carried out。句意為：這, 適當?shù)倪\動, 如果有規(guī)律的進行, 能夠有助于我們的身體健康。

　　09湖南〗Every evening after dinner, if not

　　from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.

　　A. being tired B. tiring

　　C. tired

　　D. to be tired

　　C

　　〖考點〗省略句式。

　　〖解析〗在if引導的條件狀語從句中, 從句中還原應為if am not tired from work, 根據(jù)省略的原則, 所以答案選C。

　　09江西〗It was _____ he came back from Africa that wear _________ he met the girl he would like to marry.

　　A. when; then

　　B. not; until

　　C. not until; that

　　D. only; when

　　C

　　〖考點〗強調句型。

　　〖解析〗根據(jù)It is ……that 結構可知。

　　09江西〗Some of you may have finished unit one. _____ , you can go on to unit two.

　　A. If you may

　　B. If you do

　　C. If not

　　D. If so

　　D

　　〖考點〗省略句的用法。

　　〖解析〗If so = If you have done that / so你們中的一些人可能已經(jīng)完成第一單元, 如果是這樣的話, 你們可以繼續(xù)第二單元。

　　08全國〗It was in New Zealand

　　Elizabeth first met Mr.Smith.

　　A.that

　　B.how

　　C.which

　　D.when

　　A

　　〖考點〗此題考查強調句

　　〖解析〗句意為：正是在新西蘭伊麗莎白第一次見到史密斯先生。It+be+被強調成分+that句型為強調句。

　　08天津〗It was along the Mississippi River _______ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.

　　A. how

　　B. which

　　C. that

　　D. where

　　C

　　〖考點〗此題考查強調句

　　〖解析〗此處構成It was…that…強調句式, 句中強調了介詞短語along the Mississippi River。〖08重慶〗It was not until midnight

　　they reached the camp site.