天津市武清區(qū)楊村第四中學(xué)2024屆高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法專題九《正反解讀動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)》課件外研版
規(guī)則3:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。如: The plate was broken by the cat.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) How did this dish get broken?(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
考點(diǎn)歸納
反面解讀 反面解讀 1.—Hi, Lucy, you look tired. —I'm really tired. I the living room all day. A.painted
B.had painted C.have been painting
D.have been painted 【誤】 學(xué)生容易分辨不清C與D的區(qū)別,而誤選D。 【正】 C [解析] C項(xiàng)是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)下去。這一點(diǎn)是從時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)all day(整天)看出來(lái)的。
反面解讀 2.Nancy is not coming tonight. But she !(promise) 【誤】 has promised 【正】 promised
[解析] 南希“答應(yīng)要來(lái)”這個(gè)動(dòng)作應(yīng)該發(fā)生在過(guò)去,是過(guò)去作出的承諾,前文已告訴我們“她不來(lái)了”,因此諾言已跟現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有關(guān)系,只是過(guò)去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。
反面解讀 3.托尼給我打電話時(shí),我剛完成工作,要開(kāi)始洗澡。 【誤】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and started to take a shower. 【正】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. [解析] 從關(guān)鍵信息I had just finished my work可以看出是“正要開(kāi)始洗澡”應(yīng)該是進(jìn)行時(shí),was starting 可以表示馬上就要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;而started表示“開(kāi)始了”。
反面解讀 4.I don't really work here; I until the new secretary arrives. A.just help out
B.have just helped out C.a(chǎn)m just helping out
D.will just help out 【誤】 此題易受第一句話的影響,而誤選A。 【正】 表示“我”現(xiàn)在只是在臨時(shí)幫忙,是現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,選C。 [解析] 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的、經(jīng)常性的行為或狀態(tài),而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的、暫時(shí)性的動(dòng)作。
反面解讀 5.很多的鳥(niǎo)類正被人們捕殺。 【誤】 Many birds are killed now. 【正】 Many birds are being killed now.
[解析] 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)要完整,不能遺漏其中的助動(dòng)詞,導(dǎo)致時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤。
反面解讀 形式 變化規(guī)則 構(gòu)成方法 例詞 原形 see, finish, teach 第七講 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
一、動(dòng)詞的基本形式 形式 變化規(guī)則 構(gòu)成方法 例詞 第三人 稱單數(shù) 形式
一般情況
加-s
look—looks, write—writes
以 ch, sh, s, x 結(jié)尾
加-es
teach—teaches, finish—finishes,
guess—guesses, mix—mixes
以 o 結(jié)尾
加-es
do—does, go—goes
以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾
變 y 為 i,加-es
try—tries, cry—cries
過(guò)去式、
過(guò)去分
詞規(guī)則
變化
一般情況
加-ed
stay—stayed, look—looked
以不發(fā)音 e 結(jié)尾
直接加-d
decide—decided, hope—hoped
以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,末
尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母
雙寫末尾的輔
音字母再加-ed
stop—stopped, admit—admitted
以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾
變 y 為 i,加
-ed
carry—carried, try—tried 現(xiàn)在 分詞
一般情況
加-ing
go—going, read—reading
以不發(fā)音 e 結(jié)尾
去 e,再加-ing
have—having, write—writing
以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,末
尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母
雙寫末尾的輔
音字母再加-ing
cut—cutting, run—running 續(xù)表 時(shí)態(tài) 構(gòu)成 常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
動(dòng)詞原形(第三人稱單數(shù))
always, usually, often, sometimes,
every..., twice a week 等 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式
yesterday, the day before yesterday,
the other day, last..., ...ago 等 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
will (shall)+動(dòng)詞原形
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow,
next..., in...等
be going to+動(dòng)詞原形
be about to+動(dòng)詞原形
be to+動(dòng)詞原形 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
would+動(dòng)詞原形
多用于間接引語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)從句中 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
will (shall)+be+現(xiàn)在分詞
at eight (this time) tomorrow 等 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
am (is, are)+現(xiàn)在分詞
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) now, during these days,
或 look, listen 等引起注意的詞語(yǔ) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
was (were)+現(xiàn)在分詞
at eight (this time) yesterday 等 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
have (has)+過(guò)去分詞
already, just, yet, since..., for...等 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
had+過(guò)去分詞
by..., before...等 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn) 行時(shí)
have (has)+been+現(xiàn)在分詞
for..., since...等 二、常用的10種動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成及其常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一覽表 三、注意以下幾種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別
1.一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與表過(guò)去 的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,即僅談過(guò)去,不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如: I went to swim yesterday.昨天我去游泳了。
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的
影響,與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,可能剛結(jié)束,也可能繼續(xù)下去。不能與
表過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”。如: I have spent all of my money, so I have no money to buy a ticket.我已經(jīng)花掉了所有的錢,所以我沒(méi)錢買票了。 2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) (1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)側(cè)重于說(shuō)明發(fā)生某動(dòng)作的事實(shí)。如:
It rained heavily last night.昨晚雨下得很大。 (2)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)側(cè)重于強(qiáng)調(diào)在過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間某動(dòng)作的 持續(xù)過(guò)程或表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。如: It was raining cats and dogs last night.
昨晚一直在下著傾盆大雨。 3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) (1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在含義上著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。如:
I have read that book.我已經(jīng)讀了那本書(shū)。 (2)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行,即動(dòng)作的延 續(xù)性。如: I have been reading that book all the morning.
今天早上我一直在讀那本書(shū)。 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài) 一、概念
動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示
主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。如: 全世界的人都在講英語(yǔ)。 People speak English all over the world.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
English is spoken all over the world.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) 常用被 動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 構(gòu)成 常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 構(gòu)成 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
am/is/are asked
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
have/has been asked 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
was/were asked
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
had been asked 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
will/shall be asked
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
should/would be
asked 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
am/is/are being
asked
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成
時(shí)
should/would have
been asked 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
was/were being
asked
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
can/must/may...be
asked 二、動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成(以ask為例) 注意: 1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加 not。 2.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不可漏掉其中的介、副詞。 3.固定結(jié)構(gòu) be going to, used to, have to, had better 變?yōu)楸?動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
4 .It is said/believed/supposed/reported that..., It is generally
considered
that...,
It
is
well-known
that... 等 , 及 It
must
be
admitted/pointed out that...等結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞常以被動(dòng)形式出現(xiàn)。 5.以下主動(dòng)形式常表被動(dòng)意義: The bike needs/wants/requires repairing.
這輛自行車需要修理。 The film is worth seeing.這部電影值得看。
The door won't shut/open.這門不能關(guān)/開(kāi)。
The play won't act.這部戲不會(huì)上演。
The clothes wash well.這件衣服很好洗。
The book sells well.這本書(shū)很暢銷。 The dish tastes delicious.這道菜嘗起來(lái)很美味。 6.以下單詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):happen, appear, become, last,
cost,
occur,
lack,
fit,
mean,
join,
equal,
fail,
enter,
have,
contain, belong to, take place, break out, come about, consist of, lose heart, keep up with 等。 規(guī)則6:下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): (1)It is (has been)+一段時(shí)間+since從句(過(guò)去時(shí)) (2)This (That/It) is the first (second…) time that+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (3)This(That/It)is the only…+that+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (4)This(That/It)is the best/finest/most interesting…+that+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
考點(diǎn)歸納
規(guī)則7:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):
recently, lately, up to/till now, so far,
in the past/last few months/years…,
for+時(shí)間段, since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)等。
? 考點(diǎn)四 一般過(guò)去時(shí)(-ed或不規(guī)則變化) 規(guī)則1:一般過(guò)去時(shí)的基本用法:表示過(guò)去的事情、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與表示過(guò)去具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(或有上下文語(yǔ)境暗示);用于表達(dá)過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);表示說(shuō)話人原來(lái)沒(méi)有料到、想到或希望的事通常用過(guò)去時(shí)。如: I met her in the street yesterday. I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn't.
考點(diǎn)歸納
規(guī)則2:
如果從句中有一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),盡管從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句發(fā)生,但從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用過(guò)去時(shí)。如: He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 規(guī)則3:表示兩個(gè)緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常由以下詞語(yǔ)連接,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute, etc. The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
考點(diǎn)歸納
規(guī)則4:用于I didn’t realize, I didn‘t know…或 I forgot…,表示事先不知道或不記得,但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。如: I didn't know you were here.(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道) Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘記帶書(shū)”已成為過(guò)去的事了) 規(guī)則5:一般過(guò)去時(shí)所對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的有:then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months等。
考點(diǎn)歸納
? 考點(diǎn)五 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were+v.-ing) 規(guī)則1:表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(這一過(guò)去時(shí)間需用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示)。如: He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
規(guī)則2:表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行。如: They were still working when I left.
考點(diǎn)歸納
規(guī)則3:指兩個(gè)過(guò)去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:
I was writing while he was watching TV. 規(guī)則4:過(guò)去計(jì)劃、安排好的將來(lái)動(dòng)作(只限于plan, come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)。如:
He said (that) she was arriving the next day. 規(guī)則5:與always, often, forever, constantly, continually連用,表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩。如: Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others instead of thinking of himself.
規(guī)則6:過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來(lái)描繪故事發(fā)生時(shí)的背景。如: The wind was blowing and it was raining hard. 規(guī)則7:過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的有:then, at that time, at this time yesterday等。
考點(diǎn)歸納
? 考點(diǎn)六 過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had+v.-ed) 規(guī)則1:在by, by the end of, by the time, until, before后接表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或從句,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則表示在某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。如: By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
考點(diǎn)歸納
規(guī)則2:表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到另一過(guò)去時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),即“從過(guò)去到過(guò)去”。如: When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour. 規(guī)則3:表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)接不定式完成式表示,即:hoped/planned…+to have done。如: I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so. 規(guī)則4:表示“一……就……”的幾個(gè)句型: hardly/scarcely…when (before)…;no sooner…than… We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
考點(diǎn)歸納
規(guī)則5:It/That/This was the first (second,third…)time that…(從句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài))。如: It was the second time that he had been out with her.
規(guī)則6:過(guò)去完成時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的有:before, by the end of last month/years…等。
考點(diǎn)歸納
? 考點(diǎn)七 一般將來(lái)時(shí)(will/shall/be going to do) 規(guī)則1:表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常用will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形。 規(guī)則2:表示一種趨向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。如:
We'll die without air or water. 規(guī)則3:表示趨向行為的動(dòng)詞,如: come,go,start,begin,leave等詞,常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
考點(diǎn)歸納
規(guī)則4:be going to do 與will/shall +do, be to do, be about to do的用法及區(qū)別:
(1)shall/will do表示事先未考慮過(guò),即說(shuō)話時(shí)臨時(shí)做出的決定。如:
—You've left the light on.
—Oh, so I have. I'll go and turn it off.
(2)在祈使句+and/or+陳述句句型中,陳述句中只能用will/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形。如:
Work hard, and you will pass the exam.
考點(diǎn)歸納
(3)be going to表示現(xiàn)在打算最近或?qū)?lái)要做某事,這種打算往往經(jīng)過(guò)事先考慮,甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備;表將來(lái),不能用在條件狀語(yǔ)從句的主句中;而will則能,表意愿。如: If it is fine, we'll go fishing.(√) If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(×) (4)be to do sth. 表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。如: A meeting is to be held at 3:00 this afternoon.
考點(diǎn)歸納
(5)be about to do sth. 表示“即將,就要”,后面不能接具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句。如:
Autumn harvest is about to start.
規(guī)則5:一般將來(lái)時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的有:
tomorrow, today, next week/month…,
in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks等。