英語合同的特點
英語合同的用詞特點(Formal term)
合同英語的用詞極其考究,具有特定性。要求選詞專業化(professional)、正式(formal)、準確(accurate)。具體體現在下列方面:
1、May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用
May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)對學過英語的人再熟悉不過,但在合同中用這些詞時要極其謹慎。權利義務的約見定部分構成了合同的主體。這幾個詞如選用不當,可能會引起糾紛。
may 旨在約定當事人的權利(可以做什么),Shall約定當事人的義務(應當做什么時候), must 用于強制性義務(必須做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性義務(不得做什么)。May do 不能說成can do shall do,不能說成should do 或ought to do,may not do 在美國一些法律文件可以用shall not,但絕不能用can not do或must not )
例如,在約定解決爭議的途徑時的,可以說:
The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
本句中的shall 和may表達準確。出現爭議后應當先行協商,所以采用了義務性約定,如果協商解決不了,作為當事人的權利,用選擇性約定may也很妥當。如果may和 shall 調換位置會怎么樣? 前半句的shall換用may后,意思變成了當事人可以通過協商解決,意思上說得過去,但后半句的may換用shall 后,變成了應當訴訟解決,好象一出事,就要先見官,這就有些不友好了。
本句可譯:雙方首先應通過友好協商,解決因合同而發生的或與合同有關的爭議。如果協商未果,合同中又無仲裁條款約定或爭議發生后未就仲裁達成協方的,可將爭議提交有管轄權的人民法院解決。
2、正式用語(formal term)
合同英語有著嚴肅的風格,與其它英語作品有很大不同。
例如:
因為的短語多用by virtue of ,遠遠多于due to一般不用because of
財務年度末一般用at the close of the fiscal year,而不用in the end of the fiscal year
在之前一般用prior to,而不用before
關于常用as regards, concerning或relating to,而不會用about
事實上用in effect,而不用in fact
開始用commencement,而不用start或begin
停止做用cease to do,而不用stop to do
何時開會并由某某主持的表述為:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中召開不用hold 或call,而用convene:主持不用chair或be in charge of ,而用preside
其他事項用miscellaneous, 而不用other matters/events
理解合同用construe a contract 或comprehend a contract,而不用understand a contract
認為用deem,用consider少,不用think或believe
愿意做用intend to do或desrie to do,而不用want to do, wish to do。
用詞專業(Technical Terms)
合同用詞不以大眾是否理解和接受為轉移,它是合同語言準確表達的保障。如合同出現的瑕疵、救濟、不可抗力、管轄、損毀、滅失等就可能讓非行業人士費解,在英語以上表達分別為defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外幾乎每個合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虛詞。這也是合同英語的一大特色。
其它例子還有:
賠償用indemnities,而不用compensation
不動產轉讓用conveyance,而不用trnasfer of real estate
房屋出租用tenancy,而財產出租用lease of property
停業用wind up a business或cease (名詞是cessation) a business,而不用end/stop a business
專利許可中的特許權使用費只用royalities
還款或專利申請的寬限期英文grace,
當事人在破產中的和解用composition
以實物出資為investment in kind
依照合同相關規定一般說pursuant to provisions contained herein或as provided herein等,不說according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract
合同任何一方當事人不得轉讓本合同英文表述為Neither party hereto may assign this contract,其中hereto表示to the contract,選用Neither party to the contract較少。
3、同義詞、近義詞、相關詞的序列
FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto.
在這里的同義詞和近義詞并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。這是出于嚴謹和杜絕漏洞的考慮,有的也屬于合同用語的固定模式。如:
This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中made and entered into和by and between兩組分別屬于同義詞和相關詞并列。
For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中for and in consideration of , covenants and agreements三組同義司和近義詞并列。
The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 這里的on the terms和subject to the conditions是一個意思都表示依照本協議的條款規定。合同條款的固定模式是terms and conditions
再例如:
Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the feective date,一句中的realease和discharge意思幾乎相同。
并列的詞還有:
ships and vessels
support and maintenance
licenses and permits
charges, fees, costs and expenses
any and all
any duties, obligations or liabilities
the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns
control and management of the partnership
applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules
4、拉丁詞
在國外合同中,拉丁詞仍然是很常見:
比例稅率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多
從事慈善性服務的律師:pro bono lawyer,不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance
委托代理人:多用agent ad litem
不可抗力:force majuere.
英語合同的用詞特點(Formal term)
合同英語的用詞極其考究,具有特定性。要求選詞專業化(professional)、正式(formal)、準確(accurate)。具體體現在下列方面:
1、May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用
May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)對學過英語的人再熟悉不過,但在合同中用這些詞時要極其謹慎。權利義務的約見定部分構成了合同的主體。這幾個詞如選用不當,可能會引起糾紛。
may 旨在約定當事人的權利(可以做什么),Shall約定當事人的義務(應當做什么時候), must 用于強制性義務(必須做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性義務(不得做什么)。May do 不能說成can do shall do,不能說成should do 或ought to do,may not do 在美國一些法律文件可以用shall not,但絕不能用can not do或must not )
例如,在約定解決爭議的途徑時的,可以說:
The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.
本句中的shall 和may表達準確。出現爭議后應當先行協商,所以采用了義務性約定,如果協商解決不了,作為當事人的權利,用選擇性約定may也很妥當。如果may和 shall 調換位置會怎么樣? 前半句的shall換用may后,意思變成了當事人可以通過協商解決,意思上說得過去,但后半句的may換用shall 后,變成了應當訴訟解決,好象一出事,就要先見官,這就有些不友好了。
本句可譯:雙方首先應通過友好協商,解決因合同而發生的或與合同有關的爭議。如果協商未果,合同中又無仲裁條款約定或爭議發生后未就仲裁達成協方的,可將爭議提交有管轄權的人民法院解決。
2、正式用語(formal term)
合同英語有著嚴肅的風格,與其它英語作品有很大不同。
例如:
因為的短語多用by virtue of ,遠遠多于due to一般不用because of
財務年度末一般用at the close of the fiscal year,而不用in the end of the fiscal year
在之前一般用prior to,而不用before
關于常用as regards, concerning或relating to,而不會用about
事實上用in effect,而不用in fact
開始用commencement,而不用start或begin
停止做用cease to do,而不用stop to do
何時開會并由某某主持的表述為:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中召開不用hold 或call,而用convene:主持不用chair或be in charge of ,而用preside
其他事項用miscellaneous, 而不用other matters/events
理解合同用construe a contract 或comprehend a contract,而不用understand a contract
認為用deem,用consider少,不用think或believe
愿意做用intend to do或desrie to do,而不用want to do, wish to do。
用詞專業(Technical Terms)
合同用詞不以大眾是否理解和接受為轉移,它是合同語言準確表達的保障。如合同出現的瑕疵、救濟、不可抗力、管轄、損毀、滅失等就可能讓非行業人士費解,在英語以上表達分別為defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外幾乎每個合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虛詞。這也是合同英語的一大特色。
其它例子還有:
賠償用indemnities,而不用compensation
不動產轉讓用conveyance,而不用trnasfer of real estate
房屋出租用tenancy,而財產出租用lease of property
停業用wind up a business或cease (名詞是cessation) a business,而不用end/stop a business
專利許可中的特許權使用費只用royalities
還款或專利申請的寬限期英文grace,
當事人在破產中的和解用composition
以實物出資為investment in kind
依照合同相關規定一般說pursuant to provisions contained herein或as provided herein等,不說according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract
合同任何一方當事人不得轉讓本合同英文表述為Neither party hereto may assign this contract,其中hereto表示to the contract,選用Neither party to the contract較少。
3、同義詞、近義詞、相關詞的序列
FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto.
在這里的同義詞和近義詞并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。這是出于嚴謹和杜絕漏洞的考慮,有的也屬于合同用語的固定模式。如:
This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中made and entered into和by and between兩組分別屬于同義詞和相關詞并列。
For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中for and in consideration of , covenants and agreements三組同義司和近義詞并列。
The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 這里的on the terms和subject to the conditions是一個意思都表示依照本協議的條款規定。合同條款的固定模式是terms and conditions
再例如:
Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the feective date,一句中的realease和discharge意思幾乎相同。
并列的詞還有:
ships and vessels
support and maintenance
licenses and permits
charges, fees, costs and expenses
any and all
any duties, obligations or liabilities
the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns
control and management of the partnership
applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules
4、拉丁詞
在國外合同中,拉丁詞仍然是很常見:
比例稅率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多
從事慈善性服務的律師:pro bono lawyer,不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance
委托代理人:多用agent ad litem
不可抗力:force majuere.