英語學習之不定式、-ING分詞和-ED分詞三者間的關系
一、動詞不定式與-ING分詞的區別
1. 作賓語時，-ING分詞表示抽象的、一般性或習慣性的和連續性的動作，而不定式則表示某次具體動作，特別是將來的動作
I like playing football. I would like to play football this afternoon.
1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.
cheating to cheat be cheated being cheated
2) News of success keeps in.
pouring to pour poured to be pouring
3) Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their crops.
2. 作定語時，-ING表示正在進行的動作，用-ING的完成時表示動作的完成;不定式表示未來發生
4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.
having launched to have launched to launch launched
5) The applicants interviewing are required to bring all the necessary papers two days later .
6) Sorghum leaves occasionally contain enough hydrocyanic acid killing livestock .
3. 當謂語動詞是進行時的時候，用不定式而不用-ING分詞作賓語
Its beginning to snow you. It starts raining.
Im considering how to go. I considered emplying Mr.Wang but
decided that Mr.Chen was more suited
to the job.
4. 在remember,forget等詞后，如果跟-ING分詞，表示-ING分詞的動作發生在主要謂語之前;如果跟不定式則表示不定式的動作發生在主要謂語動作之后
I remember telling her that last night. He remembered to tell her that when she
came back.
Im sorry I forgot to give you the message. Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgot giving the message last night.
5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接動詞不定式和-ING分詞所表達的意義有所不同
They stopped to work.
They stopped working.
Workers went on discussing the problem.
Workers went on to discuss the problem.
He left off writing.
He left off to write.
6. used to后跟不定式和-ING分詞，后跟不定式有兩種情況：一種是used to是固定用法表示過去經常干另外一種情況是use的被動詞態be used后跟不定式;后跟-ING分詞的情況有一種，那就是當used to中的used是形容詞時，to后跟名詞或-ING分詞
7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.
has worked had worked had been worked used to work
8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.
get used to
get to
get over
get on with
9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging in the crisp morning air during the winter months , but now he has stopped.
7. 一般情況下，for后邊跟接there to be,而of后邊則跟接there being
10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.
to be being to have been having been
8. be+形容詞后面要跟動詞不定式作狀語，而不用-ING
It is very difficult to manage the company.
二、-ING分詞與-ED分詞的區別
雖然在語法功能上，-ED分詞在句子中所能承擔的成分基本與-ING分詞相同，但在意義上兩者有差別：-ING分詞表示主動的意義，而-ED分詞則表示被動的意義;-ING分詞表示一般性的或正在進行的動作，而-ED分詞則表示已經完成和被動的動作。在表現形式上，-ING分詞有一般式和完成式與 主動式和被動式之分;而-ED分詞只有一種形式。下邊我們分析-ING分詞與-ED分詞在語法功用上的區別。
1. 作表語時，-ING分詞表示主語所具有的特征而-ED分詞表示主語所處的狀態
The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.
The play is more exciting than any I have
ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.
2. 作狀語時-ING分詞表示主語正在進行的另一動作而-ED分詞則表示主語發生動作的背景或情況 11) In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world， .
battling both people and objects
both people and objects were battled
he was battling both people and objects
both people and objects that were battled
13) Having been served lunch， .
the problem was discussed by the members of the committee
the committee members discussed the problem
it was discussed by the committee members the problem
a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee
12) for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.
She is noted primarily
Noted primarily
Primarily is noted
She primarily noted
14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today， .
a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez
Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays
a number of Sonia Sanchezs books and plays have been written
there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez
3. ①作定語時，-ING分詞表示正在進行的動作，而-ED分詞表示動作發生在謂語動詞之前;②-ING分詞表示它所修飾的詞經常或當時的狀態，而-ED分詞則沒有時間性;③-ING分詞表示主動，而-ED分詞表示被動
15) The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.
16) High-grade written paper is frequently obtained from cotton rags.
17) Scientists still cannot find any convinced link between intelligence and the quantity or quality of brain cells.
4. 但少數幾個動詞的-ED分詞，有兩種形式而且在意義上有差別，如：bear的-ED分詞有born和borne之分，前者只用于出生的意義，而后者用于負擔，負荷，承擔和傳送之意
I was born in 1966.
His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.
再如：hang的-ED分詞也有兩種，一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示懸掛，后者表示吊死，絞死。strike的-ED分詞也有兩種：struck和striken, 前者有打擊沖擊感動等義，而striken只用作形容詞，表示受折磨之意。
來自及物動詞的-ED分詞所表示的是被動意義;來自不及物動詞的-ED分詞則可表示主動和完成的意義：fallen leaves ， a full-blown rose , escaped prinsoners, the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.
三、例題解析
1) A為正確答案。
2) A為正確答案。
3) D錯。 改為harvesting。
4) A為正確答案。
5) C錯。 改為to be interviewed。
6) C錯。改為to kill。
7) D為正確答案。
8) A為正確答案。
9) A錯。改為jog。
10) A為正確答案。
11) A為正確答案。
12) B為正確答案。本句是由-ED分詞noted引導的-ED結構，在句中說明主句謂語的背景。
13) B為正確答案。
14) B為正確答案。-ED分詞considered的邏輯主語應為人，除B外的其他選項都無法和空白前-ED結構在邏輯主語上一致。
15) A錯。改為boiling。-ED分詞含有完成和被動的意思，-ING分詞則表示主動、進行，也可用作前置定語表示性狀、用途。如： boiling water意思是開水，意即正在開著的水，而 boiled water雖也可譯為開水，但表示已開過了的水。本句A處應改為boiling，boiling point意思是沸點。
16) B錯。改用writing， writing paper意為寫字的紙，信紙，-ING分詞writing表用途。與此類似的還有swimming pool ，sleeping car 。written含有完成和被動意味，不合上下文。
17) C錯。改為 convincing。令人信服的聯系應為convincing link，convincing含有主動的意味，即聯系 本身具有這種性質，而convinced則含有完成或被動的含義， 修飾有生命的名詞 。試比較：a surprising man ，a surprised man 。
一、動詞不定式與-ING分詞的區別
1. 作賓語時，-ING分詞表示抽象的、一般性或習慣性的和連續性的動作，而不定式則表示某次具體動作，特別是將來的動作
I like playing football. I would like to play football this afternoon.
1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.
cheating to cheat be cheated being cheated
2) News of success keeps in.
pouring to pour poured to be pouring
3) Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their crops.
2. 作定語時，-ING表示正在進行的動作，用-ING的完成時表示動作的完成;不定式表示未來發生
4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.
having launched to have launched to launch launched
5) The applicants interviewing are required to bring all the necessary papers two days later .
6) Sorghum leaves occasionally contain enough hydrocyanic acid killing livestock .
3. 當謂語動詞是進行時的時候，用不定式而不用-ING分詞作賓語
Its beginning to snow you. It starts raining.
Im considering how to go. I considered emplying Mr.Wang but
decided that Mr.Chen was more suited
to the job.
4. 在remember,forget等詞后，如果跟-ING分詞，表示-ING分詞的動作發生在主要謂語之前;如果跟不定式則表示不定式的動作發生在主要謂語動作之后
I remember telling her that last night. He remembered to tell her that when she
came back.
Im sorry I forgot to give you the message. Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgot giving the message last night.
5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接動詞不定式和-ING分詞所表達的意義有所不同
They stopped to work.
They stopped working.
Workers went on discussing the problem.
Workers went on to discuss the problem.
He left off writing.
He left off to write.
6. used to后跟不定式和-ING分詞，后跟不定式有兩種情況：一種是used to是固定用法表示過去經常干另外一種情況是use的被動詞態be used后跟不定式;后跟-ING分詞的情況有一種，那就是當used to中的used是形容詞時，to后跟名詞或-ING分詞
7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.
has worked had worked had been worked used to work
8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.
get used to
get to
get over
get on with
9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging in the crisp morning air during the winter months , but now he has stopped.
7. 一般情況下，for后邊跟接there to be,而of后邊則跟接there being
10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.
to be being to have been having been
8. be+形容詞后面要跟動詞不定式作狀語，而不用-ING
It is very difficult to manage the company.
二、-ING分詞與-ED分詞的區別
雖然在語法功能上，-ED分詞在句子中所能承擔的成分基本與-ING分詞相同，但在意義上兩者有差別：-ING分詞表示主動的意義，而-ED分詞則表示被動的意義;-ING分詞表示一般性的或正在進行的動作，而-ED分詞則表示已經完成和被動的動作。在表現形式上，-ING分詞有一般式和完成式與 主動式和被動式之分;而-ED分詞只有一種形式。下邊我們分析-ING分詞與-ED分詞在語法功用上的區別。
1. 作表語時，-ING分詞表示主語所具有的特征而-ED分詞表示主語所處的狀態
The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.
The play is more exciting than any I have
ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.
2. 作狀語時-ING分詞表示主語正在進行的另一動作而-ED分詞則表示主語發生動作的背景或情況 11) In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world， .
battling both people and objects
both people and objects were battled
he was battling both people and objects
both people and objects that were battled
13) Having been served lunch， .
the problem was discussed by the members of the committee
the committee members discussed the problem
it was discussed by the committee members the problem
a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee
12) for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.
She is noted primarily
Noted primarily
Primarily is noted
She primarily noted
14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today， .
a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez
Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays
a number of Sonia Sanchezs books and plays have been written
there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez
3. ①作定語時，-ING分詞表示正在進行的動作，而-ED分詞表示動作發生在謂語動詞之前;②-ING分詞表示它所修飾的詞經常或當時的狀態，而-ED分詞則沒有時間性;③-ING分詞表示主動，而-ED分詞表示被動
15) The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.
16) High-grade written paper is frequently obtained from cotton rags.
17) Scientists still cannot find any convinced link between intelligence and the quantity or quality of brain cells.
4. 但少數幾個動詞的-ED分詞，有兩種形式而且在意義上有差別，如：bear的-ED分詞有born和borne之分，前者只用于出生的意義，而后者用于負擔，負荷，承擔和傳送之意
I was born in 1966.
His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.
再如：hang的-ED分詞也有兩種，一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示懸掛，后者表示吊死，絞死。strike的-ED分詞也有兩種：struck和striken, 前者有打擊沖擊感動等義，而striken只用作形容詞，表示受折磨之意。
來自及物動詞的-ED分詞所表示的是被動意義;來自不及物動詞的-ED分詞則可表示主動和完成的意義：fallen leaves ， a full-blown rose , escaped prinsoners, the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.
三、例題解析
1) A為正確答案。
2) A為正確答案。
3) D錯。 改為harvesting。
4) A為正確答案。
5) C錯。 改為to be interviewed。
6) C錯。改為to kill。
7) D為正確答案。
8) A為正確答案。
9) A錯。改為jog。
10) A為正確答案。
11) A為正確答案。
12) B為正確答案。本句是由-ED分詞noted引導的-ED結構，在句中說明主句謂語的背景。
13) B為正確答案。
14) B為正確答案。-ED分詞considered的邏輯主語應為人，除B外的其他選項都無法和空白前-ED結構在邏輯主語上一致。
15) A錯。改為boiling。-ED分詞含有完成和被動的意思，-ING分詞則表示主動、進行，也可用作前置定語表示性狀、用途。如： boiling water意思是開水，意即正在開著的水，而 boiled water雖也可譯為開水，但表示已開過了的水。本句A處應改為boiling，boiling point意思是沸點。
16) B錯。改用writing， writing paper意為寫字的紙，信紙，-ING分詞writing表用途。與此類似的還有swimming pool ，sleeping car 。written含有完成和被動意味，不合上下文。
17) C錯。改為 convincing。令人信服的聯系應為convincing link，convincing含有主動的意味，即聯系 本身具有這種性質，而convinced則含有完成或被動的含義， 修飾有生命的名詞 。試比較：a surprising man ，a surprised man 。
