In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.

　　注：在證實或駁斥因果關系需要把推理過程顯示出來，如燈滅了，牛奶變酸：燈滅了-停電-冰箱不工作-溫度上升-牛奶變酸

　　1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.

　　A) relationships between causes and results

　　B) classification of reasoning

　　C) some other common types of reasoning

　　D) some special type of reasoning

　　注：文章之前的段落內容=首句+結構提示詞，one-the

　　other/some-another

　　Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition(營養不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage from cause to effect

　　B) from effect to cause

　　C) from effect to effect and on to cause

　　D) from effect to cause and on to another effect

　　3. A necessary cause is ____.

　　A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur

　　B) one of the causes that can produce the effect

　　C) one that is enough to make the effect occur

　　D) none of them

　　注：第三段，A選項是必須在場的相同意思的改寫。B選項是原因之一，sufficient cause，C選項沒有 必須 含義。

　　In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.

　　注：在證實或駁斥因果關系需要把推理過程顯示出來，如燈滅了，牛奶變酸：燈滅了-停電-冰箱不工作-溫度上升-牛奶變酸

　　1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.

　　A) relationships between causes and results

　　B) classification of reasoning

　　C) some other common types of reasoning

　　D) some special type of reasoning

　　注：文章之前的段落內容=首句+結構提示詞，one-the

　　other/some-another

　　Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition(營養不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage from cause to effect

　　B) from effect to cause

　　C) from effect to effect and on to cause

　　D) from effect to cause and on to another effect

　　3. A necessary cause is ____.

　　A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur

　　B) one of the causes that can produce the effect

　　C) one that is enough to make the effect occur

　　D) none of them

　　注：第三段，A選項是必須在場的相同意思的改寫。B選項是原因之一，sufficient cause，C選項沒有 必須 含義。