Passage 4

　　Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of __1__ or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as __2__ or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.

　　The early years of development are __3__ years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to __4__ with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can __5__ affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and find a flawin themselves.

　　Coaches and parents should also be __6__ that youth sport participation does not become work for children. That outcome of the game should not be more important than the __7__ of learning the sport and other life lessons. In todays youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of __8__ themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents and coaches __9__ on the outcome and find fault with youngsters performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning that criticism. Again, criticism can create __10__ levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.

　　A)process B)high C)enjoying D)anxiety

　　E)settle F)cautious G)cooperate H)greatly

　　I)dropping J)hardly K)intense L)focus

　　M)aspiration N)critical O)procedure

　　參考答案及解析:

　　1.選D)。 由or可知，此處應(yīng)填名詞，并且所填名詞和stress詞語(yǔ)詞性相同，選項(xiàng)中有anxiety和aspiration，但由最后一段中worrying more可推出，壓力會(huì)給運(yùn)動(dòng)員造成過(guò)多的焦慮，而不是渴望，故排除aspiration而選anxiety。

　　2.選I)。由or可知， 此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式，且表達(dá)的意思應(yīng)與quitting相近，故排除選項(xiàng)中的enjoying而選dropping不再做。

　　3.選N)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。從原文成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程的最初幾年是了解自己的......時(shí)期。可選項(xiàng)有cautious和critical，由后文中的valuable experiences和be used throughout their lives可推出，成長(zhǎng)的最初幾年是了解自己的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，而不是謹(jǐn)慎時(shí)期。故排除cautious而選critical。

　　4.選G)。此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞， 且能與with構(gòu)成搭配。可選項(xiàng)有settle和cooperate，而settle with sb. 意為同某人解決,顯然不符合題意，因此選cooperate合作。

　　5.選H)。此處應(yīng)填副詞。可選項(xiàng)有g(shù)reatly和hardly，由take......to heart可推出，教練和父母的反饋信息會(huì)極大地影響年輕運(yùn)動(dòng)員，故排除hardly而選greatly。

　　6.選F)。由also可知， 此處應(yīng)填與aware對(duì)應(yīng)的形容詞。因此，可選項(xiàng)有cautious和critical，但that從句解釋的是參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)不能成為孩子們的工作，故只有cautious符合題意。

　　7.選A)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。由that可知，此處應(yīng)填與outcome意思相反的詞，故只有process過(guò)程符合題意，選項(xiàng)中procedure強(qiáng)調(diào)的是程序，故排除。

　　8.選C)。由句中的instead of可知，此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。根據(jù)worrying和instead of可推出，此處應(yīng)填與worrying意思相反的詞，因此，選項(xiàng)中只有enjoying符合題意。

　　9.選L)。此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞，且能與on構(gòu)成搭配。可選項(xiàng)有settle和focus，但從句意來(lái)理解，比賽后，許多父母和教練......比賽結(jié)果，而且總是在挑剔年輕人在比賽中的表現(xiàn)。settle on決定，同意：，顯然與句意不符，故排除settle而選focus，focus on在此意為看重.

　　10.選B)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。但選項(xiàng)中的形容詞有high和intense，應(yīng)為這個(gè)形容詞由來(lái)修飾名詞level，而intense表示緊張的，強(qiáng)烈的不能用來(lái)修飾level，故選擇high。

　　導(dǎo)讀：

　　Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other

　　teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of D)anxiety or stress for young athletes.Stress can be physical,

　　emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been

　　described as I)dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.

　　The early years of development are N)critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable

　　experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to G)cooperate with others, make friends, and gain

　　other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback

　　to youngsters can H)greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and find

　　a flawinthemselves.

　　Coaches and parents should also be F)cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. That outcome

　　of the game should not be more important than the A)process of learning the sport and other life lessons. In todays youth sport

　　setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of C)enjoying themselves and the sport. focus on the

　　outcome and find fault with youngsters performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome.

　　Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning that criticism. Again, criticism can

　　create B)high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.

　　全文翻譯：

　　體育運(yùn)動(dòng)不僅是對(duì)體力的挑戰(zhàn)，而且是對(duì)心理的挑戰(zhàn)。來(lái)自教練，父母和隊(duì)友的批評(píng)以及想要獲勝的壓力會(huì)給年輕的運(yùn)動(dòng)員造成一種過(guò)度的焦慮或壓力。壓力可以是身體上的，情感上的，或者是心理上的。而且研究已表明，它能導(dǎo)致人的精疲力竭。有人把這種狀態(tài)描述為中斷或放棄某種一度曾喜愛(ài)的活動(dòng)。

　　成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中最初的幾年是了解自己的最關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。運(yùn)動(dòng)的環(huán)境能使運(yùn)動(dòng)員獲得寶貴人生經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如，年輕運(yùn)動(dòng)員能學(xué)到怎樣和他人合作，交朋友，并獲得一些終生受用的其他社會(huì)技能。教練和父母始終都應(yīng)該清楚一點(diǎn)，他們給年輕人的反饋信息會(huì)極大地影響他們。年輕人也許會(huì)謹(jǐn)記他們父母和教練的批評(píng)，并且找到自身的缺陷。

　　教練和父母還因該謹(jǐn)慎一點(diǎn)，即參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)并不會(huì)成為孩子們的工作。比賽結(jié)果應(yīng)該不會(huì)比學(xué)習(xí)體育和其他一些人生經(jīng)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程更為重要。現(xiàn)在在年輕人的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)環(huán)境中，年輕運(yùn)動(dòng)員也許更擔(dān)心的是誰(shuí)會(huì)贏得比賽，而不是在體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中體會(huì)樂(lè)趣。在一場(chǎng)比賽后，許多父母和教練看中的是比賽結(jié)果，總是找出年輕人在比賽表現(xiàn)中的失誤。事實(shí)上，不論比賽結(jié)果如何，都要給他們積極的肯定。研究表明，與批評(píng)相比，積極的肯定更能激勵(lì)人，在幫助學(xué)習(xí)上具有更大作用。相反，批評(píng)只會(huì)產(chǎn)生高度壓力從而導(dǎo)致人們放棄某種活動(dòng)。

　　Passage 4

　　Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of __1__ or stress for young athletes. Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described as __2__ or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.

　　The early years of development are __3__ years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to __4__ with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can __5__ affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and find a flawin themselves.

　　Coaches and parents should also be __6__ that youth sport participation does not become work for children. That outcome of the game should not be more important than the __7__ of learning the sport and other life lessons. In todays youth sport setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of __8__ themselves and the sport. Following a game many parents and coaches __9__ on the outcome and find fault with youngsters performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning that criticism. Again, criticism can create __10__ levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.

　　A)process B)high C)enjoying D)anxiety

　　E)settle F)cautious G)cooperate H)greatly

　　I)dropping J)hardly K)intense L)focus

　　M)aspiration N)critical O)procedure

　　參考答案及解析:

　　1.選D)。 由or可知，此處應(yīng)填名詞，并且所填名詞和stress詞語(yǔ)詞性相同，選項(xiàng)中有anxiety和aspiration，但由最后一段中worrying more可推出，壓力會(huì)給運(yùn)動(dòng)員造成過(guò)多的焦慮，而不是渴望，故排除aspiration而選anxiety。

　　2.選I)。由or可知， 此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式，且表達(dá)的意思應(yīng)與quitting相近，故排除選項(xiàng)中的enjoying而選dropping不再做。

　　3.選N)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。從原文成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程的最初幾年是了解自己的......時(shí)期。可選項(xiàng)有cautious和critical，由后文中的valuable experiences和be used throughout their lives可推出，成長(zhǎng)的最初幾年是了解自己的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，而不是謹(jǐn)慎時(shí)期。故排除cautious而選critical。

　　4.選G)。此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞， 且能與with構(gòu)成搭配。可選項(xiàng)有settle和cooperate，而settle with sb. 意為同某人解決,顯然不符合題意，因此選cooperate合作。

　　5.選H)。此處應(yīng)填副詞。可選項(xiàng)有g(shù)reatly和hardly，由take......to heart可推出，教練和父母的反饋信息會(huì)極大地影響年輕運(yùn)動(dòng)員，故排除hardly而選greatly。

　　6.選F)。由also可知， 此處應(yīng)填與aware對(duì)應(yīng)的形容詞。因此，可選項(xiàng)有cautious和critical，但that從句解釋的是參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)不能成為孩子們的工作，故只有cautious符合題意。

　　7.選A)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。由that可知，此處應(yīng)填與outcome意思相反的詞，故只有process過(guò)程符合題意，選項(xiàng)中procedure強(qiáng)調(diào)的是程序，故排除。

　　8.選C)。由句中的instead of可知，此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。根據(jù)worrying和instead of可推出，此處應(yīng)填與worrying意思相反的詞，因此，選項(xiàng)中只有enjoying符合題意。

　　9.選L)。此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞，且能與on構(gòu)成搭配。可選項(xiàng)有settle和focus，但從句意來(lái)理解，比賽后，許多父母和教練......比賽結(jié)果，而且總是在挑剔年輕人在比賽中的表現(xiàn)。settle on決定，同意：，顯然與句意不符，故排除settle而選focus，focus on在此意為看重.

　　10.選B)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。但選項(xiàng)中的形容詞有high和intense，應(yīng)為這個(gè)形容詞由來(lái)修飾名詞level，而intense表示緊張的，強(qiáng)烈的不能用來(lái)修飾level，故選擇high。

　　導(dǎo)讀：

　　Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism from coaches, parents, and other

　　teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of D)anxiety or stress for young athletes.Stress can be physical,

　　emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been

　　described as I)dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.

　　The early years of development are N)critical years for learning about oneself. The sport setting is one where valuable

　　experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to G)cooperate with others, make friends, and gain

　　other social skills that will be used throughout their lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback

　　to youngsters can H)greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and find

　　a flawinthemselves.

　　Coaches and parents should also be F)cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children. That outcome

　　of the game should not be more important than the A)process of learning the sport and other life lessons. In todays youth sport

　　setting, young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of C)enjoying themselves and the sport. focus on the

　　outcome and find fault with youngsters performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome.

　　Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning that criticism. Again, criticism can

　　create B)high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.

　　全文翻譯：

　　體育運(yùn)動(dòng)不僅是對(duì)體力的挑戰(zhàn)，而且是對(duì)心理的挑戰(zhàn)。來(lái)自教練，父母和隊(duì)友的批評(píng)以及想要獲勝的壓力會(huì)給年輕的運(yùn)動(dòng)員造成一種過(guò)度的焦慮或壓力。壓力可以是身體上的，情感上的，或者是心理上的。而且研究已表明，它能導(dǎo)致人的精疲力竭。有人把這種狀態(tài)描述為中斷或放棄某種一度曾喜愛(ài)的活動(dòng)。

　　成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中最初的幾年是了解自己的最關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。運(yùn)動(dòng)的環(huán)境能使運(yùn)動(dòng)員獲得寶貴人生經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如，年輕運(yùn)動(dòng)員能學(xué)到怎樣和他人合作，交朋友，并獲得一些終生受用的其他社會(huì)技能。教練和父母始終都應(yīng)該清楚一點(diǎn)，他們給年輕人的反饋信息會(huì)極大地影響他們。年輕人也許會(huì)謹(jǐn)記他們父母和教練的批評(píng)，并且找到自身的缺陷。

　　教練和父母還因該謹(jǐn)慎一點(diǎn)，即參與體育運(yùn)動(dòng)并不會(huì)成為孩子們的工作。比賽結(jié)果應(yīng)該不會(huì)比學(xué)習(xí)體育和其他一些人生經(jīng)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程更為重要。現(xiàn)在在年輕人的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)環(huán)境中，年輕運(yùn)動(dòng)員也許更擔(dān)心的是誰(shuí)會(huì)贏得比賽，而不是在體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中體會(huì)樂(lè)趣。在一場(chǎng)比賽后，許多父母和教練看中的是比賽結(jié)果，總是找出年輕人在比賽表現(xiàn)中的失誤。事實(shí)上，不論比賽結(jié)果如何，都要給他們積極的肯定。研究表明，與批評(píng)相比，積極的肯定更能激勵(lì)人，在幫助學(xué)習(xí)上具有更大作用。相反，批評(píng)只會(huì)產(chǎn)生高度壓力從而導(dǎo)致人們放棄某種活動(dòng)。