SAMPLE 2

　　[生物學類]

　　題目序號

　　題型歸類

　　第1題

　　審題定位題型

　　第2題

　　句間關系題型

　　第3題

　　審題定位題型

　　第4題

　　歸納推導題型

　　第5題

　　段落結構題型

　　The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, haveintrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such largecreatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and hadwingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, andexactly what these creatures were reptiles or birds are among the questionsscientists have puzzled over.

　　Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is thatthey were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. Theanatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class ofbirds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimbsupported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, withsharpclaws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing,which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours,the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaurwalked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, couldonly turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animals body.

　　The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structureand proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flyingvertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and thebirds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In thebirds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.

　　Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably hadhairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have beenwarm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turnimplies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hairwould insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body toreduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered inlong, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clearevidence that his reasoning was correct.

　　Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led tosuggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by droppingfrom trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Eachhypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs hind feet resembled a bats and could serve as hooks bywhich the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesisseems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees withoutdamaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. Thewind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for thepterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.

　　1. It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agreethat the

　　[A] enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly greatdistances.

　　[B] structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a closeevolutionary relationship to bats.

　　[C] fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problemof powered flight.

　　[D] pterosaurs were reptiles.

　　2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne byrising into light winds created by waves as

　　[A] revolutionary.

　　[B] unlikely.

　　[C] unassailable.

　　[D] probable.

　　3. According to the text, the skeleton of a pterosaur can bedistinguished from that of a bird by the

　　[A] size of its wingspan.

　　[B] presence of hollow spaces in its bones.

　　[C] anatomic origin of its wing strut.

　　[D] presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.

　　4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the text suggest that he wouldmost likely agree with which of the following statements?

　　[A] An animals brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complexbehaviors.

　　[B] An animals appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements andphysical capabilities.

　　[C] Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change theirappearance dramatically over a period of time.

　　[D] The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental developmentrather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.

　　5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the lastparagraph of the text?

　　[A] New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.

　　[B] Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each isdisputed by means of specific information.

　　[C] Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.

　　[D] Recent discoveries are described and their implications for futurestudy are projected.

　　[答案與考點解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道審題定位題型。該題的答案信息在第二段的第一句，根據本句的內容即可得出本題的正確答案是D。考生要加強對題干的理解和認識，并且要善于找到原文和題干相吻合之處，否則就會失去解題思路。

　　2. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】本題是一道句間關系題型。本題的答案信息在尾段的第一、二句和尾段的倒數第一、二句。從尾段的第二句Each hypothesis has its difficulties 可以判斷：作者認為從浪尖上伴輕風飛起是不可能的。考生要加強對句子之間語意關系的理解。

　　3. 【答案】C

　　【考點解析】本題是一道審題定位題。其答案信息在第三段。題干中問翼龍和鳥類骨骼方面的不同。原文第三段中涉及兩者相同與不同。第三段的尾句暗示本題的正確答案是C。考生在解題時應加強審題定位的能力。

　　4. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】這是一道歸納推導題。本題的正確答案在第四段的第一、二、三句。這三句話的內容暗示本題的正確答案是B，即動物的外型通常受環(huán)境要求和生理能力的影響。考生在解題時應注意提高對原文信息的歸納推導能力。

　　5. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】本題是一道段落結構識別題。尾段的第一句對所談現象提出了三種解釋，然后針對每一種解釋進行科學上的否定。可見本題的正確答案是B。考生在復習中應該加強對段落結構的識別能力。

　　[參考譯文]

　　第一批會飛的脊椎動物翼龍的化石，已經讓古生物學家感興趣達兩個多世紀了。這種有時和大型滑翔機一樣重，而且翅膀展開達812米寬的龐然大物是如何克服飛行時的重力，以及這種生物到底是屬于鳥類還是爬行動物，對科學家們來講仍舊是個謎。

　　可能，最少引起爭論的意見就是翼龍是爬行動物。它們的頭蓋骨、骨盆以及后腿都是爬行動物類型。對它們翅膀的解剖學研究證明它們尚未進化為鳥。翼龍每個前肢的大大延長的第四指支撐一個翅膀狀的薄膜，其它指頭小，而且是典型的爬行動物式，有尖爪。而鳥類的第二指進化成為翅膀的主要支架，翅膀也主要是羽毛構成的。當翼龍四肢爬行時，其它指可以用來抓取。而當它行走或不動時，第四指，連同翅膀，只能向上伸展，在身體兩側呈倒轉的V字型。

　　翼龍和鳥類以及蝙蝠在總體結構及比例上很相似。這并不奇怪，因為任何飛翔脊椎動物都要受空氣動力的約束。翼龍和鳥都有中空的骨頭，這是為了節(jié)省重量。不過在鳥類中，這種骨頭受內部支柱影響，重量大大增加。

　　盡管爬行動物通常全身鱗片，翼龍卻可能擁有毛發(fā)。赫胥黎對此解釋說，飛翔脊椎動物肯定已經是熱血動物，因為飛翔要求一個高新陳代謝率，后者要求一個較高的體溫。赫氏設想一層毛發(fā)覆蓋物可以隔絕身體熱量的損失，從而使身體在減輕飛行重量方面更為有效。最近一些有又長又密且厚的毛發(fā)的翼龍化石的發(fā)現，終于明白無誤地證明赫氏的觀點是對的。

　　解釋翼龍怎樣起飛的努力產生以下設想：它們從懸崖上起跳，或從樹上起跳或者甚至從浪尖上伴輕風飛起。每種假設都有缺陷。第一種錯誤地設想翼龍的后爪象蝙蝠一樣，鉤子似的掛著為飛行做準備。第二種看來也不可能，因為大型翼龍不可能降在樹上而不傷害它們的翅膀。第三種假設必須要有高浪來形成上升氣流才能實現。然而，能產生此種大浪的風可能對翼龍來說過于猛烈，以至于它一旦升空，就無法控制自己。

　　SAMPLE 2

　　[生物學類]

　　題目序號

　　題型歸類

　　第1題

　　審題定位題型

　　第2題

　　句間關系題型

　　第3題

　　審題定位題型

　　第4題

　　歸納推導題型

　　第5題

　　段落結構題型

　　The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, haveintrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such largecreatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and hadwingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, andexactly what these creatures were reptiles or birds are among the questionsscientists have puzzled over.

　　Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is thatthey were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. Theanatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class ofbirds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimbsupported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, withsharpclaws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing,which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours,the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaurwalked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, couldonly turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animals body.

　　The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structureand proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flyingvertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and thebirds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In thebirds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.

　　Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably hadhairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have beenwarm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turnimplies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hairwould insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body toreduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered inlong, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clearevidence that his reasoning was correct.

　　Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led tosuggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by droppingfrom trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Eachhypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs hind feet resembled a bats and could serve as hooks bywhich the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesisseems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees withoutdamaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. Thewind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for thepterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.

　　1. It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agreethat the

　　[A] enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly greatdistances.

　　[B] structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a closeevolutionary relationship to bats.

　　[C] fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problemof powered flight.

　　[D] pterosaurs were reptiles.

　　2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne byrising into light winds created by waves as

　　[A] revolutionary.

　　[B] unlikely.

　　[C] unassailable.

　　[D] probable.

　　3. According to the text, the skeleton of a pterosaur can bedistinguished from that of a bird by the

　　[A] size of its wingspan.

　　[B] presence of hollow spaces in its bones.

　　[C] anatomic origin of its wing strut.

　　[D] presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.

　　4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the text suggest that he wouldmost likely agree with which of the following statements?

　　[A] An animals brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complexbehaviors.

　　[B] An animals appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements andphysical capabilities.

　　[C] Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change theirappearance dramatically over a period of time.

　　[D] The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental developmentrather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.

　　5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the lastparagraph of the text?

　　[A] New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.

　　[B] Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each isdisputed by means of specific information.

　　[C] Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.

　　[D] Recent discoveries are described and their implications for futurestudy are projected.

　　[答案與考點解析]

　　1. 【答案】D

　　【考點解析】這是一道審題定位題型。該題的答案信息在第二段的第一句，根據本句的內容即可得出本題的正確答案是D。考生要加強對題干的理解和認識，并且要善于找到原文和題干相吻合之處，否則就會失去解題思路。

　　2. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】本題是一道句間關系題型。本題的答案信息在尾段的第一、二句和尾段的倒數第一、二句。從尾段的第二句Each hypothesis has its difficulties 可以判斷：作者認為從浪尖上伴輕風飛起是不可能的。考生要加強對句子之間語意關系的理解。

　　3. 【答案】C

　　【考點解析】本題是一道審題定位題。其答案信息在第三段。題干中問翼龍和鳥類骨骼方面的不同。原文第三段中涉及兩者相同與不同。第三段的尾句暗示本題的正確答案是C。考生在解題時應加強審題定位的能力。

　　4. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】這是一道歸納推導題。本題的正確答案在第四段的第一、二、三句。這三句話的內容暗示本題的正確答案是B，即動物的外型通常受環(huán)境要求和生理能力的影響。考生在解題時應注意提高對原文信息的歸納推導能力。

　　5. 【答案】B

　　【考點解析】本題是一道段落結構識別題。尾段的第一句對所談現象提出了三種解釋，然后針對每一種解釋進行科學上的否定。可見本題的正確答案是B。考生在復習中應該加強對段落結構的識別能力。

　　[參考譯文]

　　第一批會飛的脊椎動物翼龍的化石，已經讓古生物學家感興趣達兩個多世紀了。這種有時和大型滑翔機一樣重，而且翅膀展開達812米寬的龐然大物是如何克服飛行時的重力，以及這種生物到底是屬于鳥類還是爬行動物，對科學家們來講仍舊是個謎。

　　可能，最少引起爭論的意見就是翼龍是爬行動物。它們的頭蓋骨、骨盆以及后腿都是爬行動物類型。對它們翅膀的解剖學研究證明它們尚未進化為鳥。翼龍每個前肢的大大延長的第四指支撐一個翅膀狀的薄膜，其它指頭小，而且是典型的爬行動物式，有尖爪。而鳥類的第二指進化成為翅膀的主要支架，翅膀也主要是羽毛構成的。當翼龍四肢爬行時，其它指可以用來抓取。而當它行走或不動時，第四指，連同翅膀，只能向上伸展，在身體兩側呈倒轉的V字型。

　　翼龍和鳥類以及蝙蝠在總體結構及比例上很相似。這并不奇怪，因為任何飛翔脊椎動物都要受空氣動力的約束。翼龍和鳥都有中空的骨頭，這是為了節(jié)省重量。不過在鳥類中，這種骨頭受內部支柱影響，重量大大增加。

　　盡管爬行動物通常全身鱗片，翼龍卻可能擁有毛發(fā)。赫胥黎對此解釋說，飛翔脊椎動物肯定已經是熱血動物，因為飛翔要求一個高新陳代謝率，后者要求一個較高的體溫。赫氏設想一層毛發(fā)覆蓋物可以隔絕身體熱量的損失，從而使身體在減輕飛行重量方面更為有效。最近一些有又長又密且厚的毛發(fā)的翼龍化石的發(fā)現，終于明白無誤地證明赫氏的觀點是對的。

　　解釋翼龍怎樣起飛的努力產生以下設想：它們從懸崖上起跳，或從樹上起跳或者甚至從浪尖上伴輕風飛起。每種假設都有缺陷。第一種錯誤地設想翼龍的后爪象蝙蝠一樣，鉤子似的掛著為飛行做準備。第二種看來也不可能，因為大型翼龍不可能降在樹上而不傷害它們的翅膀。第三種假設必須要有高浪來形成上升氣流才能實現。然而，能產生此種大浪的風可能對翼龍來說過于猛烈，以至于它一旦升空，就無法控制自己。